施用方式和氮肥种类对砂姜黑土氮素迁移的影响  

Effects of Different Fertilization Methods and Nitrogen Fertilizers on Nitrogen Diffusion and Migration in Lime Concretion Black Soil

作　　者：姜超强[1,2] 卢殿君[1] 祖朝龙[2] 周健民[1] 王火焰[1] 王世济[2] JIANG Chaoqiang;LU Dianjun;ZU Chaolong;ZHOU Jianmin;WANG Huoyan;WANG Shiji(State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Aeademy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China;Tobacco Research Institute / Maize Research Center, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hefei 230031, China)

机构地区：[1]土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室(中国科学院南京土壤研究所),南京210008 [2]安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所/玉米研究中心,合肥230031

出　　处：《土壤》2018年第2期248-255,共8页Soils

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)项目(2013CB127401);安徽省自然科学基金项目(1708085MC54);安徽省农业科学院学科建设项目(17A0921);国家自然科学基金项目(41271309)资助

摘　　要：采用田间微区试验,在砂姜黑土中研究了施肥方式(上层12 cm土混施、土下12 cm点施、土下12 cm条施)和氮肥种类(尿素、磷酸氢二铵)对氮素垂直运移和水平迁移动态的影响。不同施用方式试验结果表明,在处理的90 d内,砂姜黑土中土壤NH_4^+-N和NO_3~–-N含量均呈现土下12 cm点施>土下12 cm条施>上层12 cm土混施的趋势。尿素在土下12 cm点施条件下,土壤NH_4^+-N主要集中在垂直方向6~18 cm土层和水平距离0~7 cm范围内;而NO_3~–-N的分布核心区土层超过21 cm,水平距离大于15 cm;NH_4^+-N和NO_3~–-N核心区浓度均随处理时间延长而明显下降。土下12 cm点施90 d后,尿素和磷酸铵的氮素养分在砂姜黑土中的横向移动距离为5~7 cm,垂直方向上养分主要集中在6~18 cm的土层范围;点施90 d时,磷酸铵处理在土下18 cm和水平距离12 cm处无机态氮(NH_4^+-N和NO_3~–-N)含量分别为148.9和77.4 mg/kg,其含量远大于尿素处理(96.3和53.2 mg/kg),而在施肥点两种氮肥处理土壤无机态氮含量差异更大,说明磷酸铵较尿素具有更高的保肥性。研究表明:点施延缓了NH_4^+-N向NO_3~–-N转化速率,提高了肥际养分供应浓度。结合作物生长和需肥特性,预示通过优化施肥位置和氮肥种类,采用一次施肥可以实现90 d持续供应高浓度养分以满足旱地作物生长发育的养分需求。Nitrogen （N） is one of the most important elements for plant growth and crop yield, however, excessive N fertilization and the relatively low N use efficiency （NUE） can results in the threat to environmental quality, but how to increase NUE has been an urgent problem still unsolved for agriculture development and environment protection, thus, it is important to study the diffusion and migration of N fertilizers to provide a theoretical basis for improving NUE and protecting the environment. A filed micro-plot experiment was carried out to study the effects of different fertilization methods and N fertilizers on the dynamics of soil N vertical diffusion and horizontal migration in lime concretion black soil, 3 fertilization methods （mixed uniformly with 12 cm top soil, placed in-hole at 12 cm depth, and placed in-furrow at 12 cm depth） and 2 nitrogen fertilizers （urea and ammonium phosphate） were designed, the concentrations of inorganic N （ammonium N and nitrate N） of different soil layers were determined at 30, 60 and 90 days after fertilization. The results showed that the concentrations of ammonium N and nitrate N in soils were in an order of placed in-hole at 12 cm depth 〉 placed in-furrow at 12 cm depth 〉 mixed uniformly with 12 cm top soil during 90 day treatment. With the point fertilization, the ammonium N of urea treatment was mainly concentrated in 6-18 cm along the vertical direction and in 0-7 cm alone horizontal distance, while the concentrated area of nitrate N reached the depth of 21 cm, and migrated to 15 cm away from fertilization point. Both the concentrations of ammonium N and nitrate N in soil declined obviously as the treatment time prolonged. The inorganic N of urea and ammonium phosphate point fertilization methods was mainly distributed in 6-18 cm soil, and the horizontal movement distance apart from the fertilization point was about 5-7 cm after 90 days. However, the inorganic N concentrations in soil 18 cm depth and 12 cm away from the ammonium phosphate fertiliza

关 键 词：氮肥 施用方式 砂姜黑土 迁移扩散 

分 类 号：S143.1[农业科学—肥料学]