藏缅语助词“看”的类型学特征  

The Typological Characteristics of the Auxiliary Word “Kan” in the Tibeto-Burman Languages

作　　者：邱月[1] 

机构地区：[1]北京师范大学珠海分校文学院

出　　处：《民俗典籍文字研究》2017年第2期211-218,共8页

摘　　要：语言类型学旨在突破单一语言研究的局限，在多种语言的横向比较与相互参照中探求语言共性，并不断深化对语言现象的认识。本文以现代汉语助词“看”作为重要参照，通过共时比较研究汉藏语系藏缅语族（简称为“藏缅语”）藏语支、景颇语支、彝语支、缅语支的14种代表性语言中助词“看”的使用情况，归纳出藏缅语助词“看”的类型学特征。（1）藏缅语助词“看”与现代汉语助词“看”的共性主要在于藏缅语助词“看”也是由实义动词“看”语法化演变成助词的，其语法意义主要是表示动作的尝试性。但不同于现代汉语的是藏缅语助词“看”还有表示动作的经历态的独特用法。（2）藏缅语助词“看”对句类具有选择性，最常出现在祈使句中，这也与现代汉语具有很高的相似度。但是现代汉语祈使句中助词“看”紧随的动词不能是光杆动词，一般使用叠音“VV看”或者“V-V看”的形式。藏缅语助词“看”用于祈使句，则可以直接加在光杆动词之后。Typology aims to break through the limitation of the single language research,explore the language universals in the comparison and mutual reference of various languages,and deepen the understanding of the language usage.Based on the synchronic comparative analysis of the auxiliary word"Kan"in the 14 representative languages of the Tibeto-Burman Languages(including the Tibetan branch,Jingpo branch,Yi branch,Burmese branch)in the Sino-Tibetan language family,this article summarizes the typological characteristics of the auxiliary word"Kan"regarding the usage of it in contemporary Chinese as an very important reference.(1)The common feature of the auxiliary word"Kan"between modern Chinese and Tibeto-Burman Languages is the grammaticalization.The auxiliary word"Kan"comes from the verb word"Kan".The grammatical meaning the auxiliary word"Kan"is mainly to show the attempt of action.And the difference is the auxiliary word"Kan"of the Tibeto-Burman Languages also has the special usage of showing the experienced state.(2)The sentence type of the auxiliary word"Kan"in the Tibeto-Burman Languages is selective.It often appears in the imperative sentence,which has high similarity with the modern Chinese.But the auxiliary word"Kan"in modern Chinese imperative sentence cannot follow the bare verb.The general use is to reduplicate the verb or put"yi"between the reduplicated verbs.The auxiliary word"Kan"of the Tibeto-Burman Languages can just follow the bare verb.

关 键 词：藏缅语 助词“看”语言比较 类型学 

分 类 号：H043[语言文字—语言学]