黑格尔的官僚制理论与马克思的批判  

Hegel's Bureaucracy Theory and Marx's Criticism on It

作　　者：汪行福[1] Wang Xingfu(School of Philosophy, Fudan University, Shanghai 20043)

机构地区：[1]复旦大学哲学学院

出　　处：《教学与研究》2018年第6期24-33,共10页Teaching and Research

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"复杂现代性与中国发展之道"(项目号:15ZDB013)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：黑格尔的《法哲学原理》与马克思政治思想既有联系又有分歧。黑格尔认为,行政权是现代国家的核心,行政官员代表着最先进的文化教养和法治意识。合理组织的官僚体系起着市民社会与国家之间沟通和桥梁作用,是社会普遍利益和公共自由的实现条件。马克思完全拒绝黑格尔的观点。在他看来,国家的存在就是社会处在分裂和对抗状态的表现,一切通过国家和官僚制中介的社会都是不合理的社会。官僚制本身具有行会性质,官僚统治依赖的不是知识和能力,而是依赖权威与秘密,并不代表着独立于市民社会的普遍利益,只有直接民主制才是唯一符合人的本性的政治组织形式。黑格尔和马克思的观点各有其价值和不足。从人类的经验看,行政权力及其官僚制组织形式本身既非万恶之源,也非灵丹妙药。官僚制不会简单地被取消,但可以通过社会自治和政治民主而被驯服和限制。Hegel＇s philosophy of law is connected with Marx＇s political thoughts. Hegel believes that executive power is the core of modern state, and administrative officials represent the most advanced culture and consciousness of rule of law. The reasonable bureaucracy system plays a role of communication and bridge between the civil society and the state, and is the condi- tions of realization of the general social interests and the public freedom. Marx completely rejected Hegel＇s point of view. In his view, the existence of a state is a manifestation of the state of society being divided and confrontion of social classes, and all societies orgnized through state and bureaucracy are irrational. Hegel and Marx theories have their own values and shortcomings. From the perspective of human experience, administrative power and its bureaucratic organization form are neither the source of all evil nor the panacea. Bureaucracy will not be simply abolished, but it can be tamed and restricted by social self-organizing associations and political democracy.

关 键 词：黑格尔 马克思 官僚主义 市民社会 国家 

分 类 号：A81[哲学宗教—马克思主义哲学] D035[政治法律—政治学]