滨海盐碱地预覆膜起垄的生态效应及对棉花苗期的影响  

Ecological effects of early plastic mulching and ridging and its effect on seedling stage of cotton in coastal saline soil

作　　者：张谦[1] 冯国艺[1] 雷晓鹏[1] 祁虹[1] 王树林[1] 王燕[1] 梁青龙[1] 林永增[1] ZHANG Qian, FENG Guo-yi, LEI Xiao-peng, QI Hong, WANG Shu-lin, WANG Yan,LIANG Qing-long, LIN Yong-zeng(Cotton Research Institute, Hebei Academy of Agriculture an Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement ofCotton in Huanghuaihai Semiarid Area, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R.China, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051,Chin)

机构地区：[1]河北省农林科学院棉花研究所农业部黄淮海半干旱区棉花生物学与遗传育种重点实验室,河北石家庄050051

出　　处：《干旱地区农业研究》2018年第4期74-79,共6页Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas

基　　金：河北省财政项目(F16C2016018658);国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD05B0503);河北省青年自然基金(C2015301051);河北省现代农业产业技术体系棉花产业创新团队建设;河北省渤海粮仓建设专项

摘　　要：为提高滨海盐碱棉田在雨养旱作条件下的棉花出苗成苗率,以常规的播后覆膜为对照,在河北滨海盐碱地进行预覆膜起垄试验,研究预覆膜及不同预覆膜起垄方式对耕层水热盐及棉花苗期的影响。结果表明:(1)播前预覆膜能够有效降低耕层含盐量,在轻度和中度盐碱土耕层中,平铺覆膜分别降低6.99%、7.55%,预覆膜的同时起垄会加速耕层降盐,中间高垄处理播种行内含盐量分别降低2.3%和17.62%,两侧低垄分别降低9.11%和30.72%,两侧低垄对盐分在垄上和播种行内的差异化分布影响大于中间高垄处理,且在中度盐碱土效果更明显;(2)预覆膜可以增加耕层土壤含水量,有明显的保墒作用,中间高垄、两侧低垄和平铺覆膜播种行耕层平均含水量分别为19.92%、20.42%和19.94%,均显著高于未覆膜对照;(3)预覆膜还可以增加耕层地温,膜下0、5、10、15 cm土层日平均温度分别比膜外提高3.7、3.6、3.1、2.8℃,两侧低垄在5、10、15 cm土层处地温比中间高垄分别高1.3、1.2、0.7℃,有利于促进种子萌发;(4)预覆膜起垄对耕层微生态环境的改变直接影响了棉花的苗期生长,轻度盐碱土中,各预覆膜起垄处理的出苗率均显著高于常规模式,成苗率方面,预覆膜同时两侧低垄最高,比常规模式提高了34.8%;中度盐碱土中,预覆膜同时两侧低垄的出苗率、成苗率、单株干重均表现最高,比对照模式分别提高了45.9%、70.7%和44.4%,预覆膜且两侧低垄处理的出苗保苗效果最好。In order to improve the seedling emergence rate and seedling rate of rain-fed cotton in coastal saline soil,traditional plastic film mulching after seeding was used as the control,an experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of early plastic mulching and different ridging patterns with early plastic mulching on thermohaline in arable layer and seedling stage cotton. The results showed that early plastic mulching could reduce soil salinity in arable layer by 6.99% and 7.55% in the lightly and moderately salty fields respectively. The different ridging patterns with early plastic mulching could reduce soil salinity more quickly,middle and high ridge with early plastic mulching reduced soil salinity by 2. 3% and 17. 62% respectively,and bilateral and low ridge with early plastic mulching reduced soil salinity by 9.11% and 30.72% respectively. Early plastic mulching could increase the soil moisture and temperature,soil moisture in 20 cm soil depths of middle and high ridge with early plastic mulching,middle and high ridge with early plastic mulching and early plastic mulching without ridging were 19. 92%、20. 42% and19.94%,respectively; temperature of 0、5、10 cm and 15 cm layer under the mulch were 3.7℃,3.6℃,3.1℃ and2.8℃ higher than outside at a daily average basis. Temperature of 5 cm、10 cm and 15 cm layer under the mulch were1.3℃,1.2℃ and 0.7℃ higher of bilateral and low ridge patterns with early plastic mulching than middle and high ridge,respectively,which promote the seedling emergence. With early plastic mulching significantly increased seedling emergence rate compared with the control,and seedling rate of bilateral and low ridge was the highest,being 34.8%higher than the control. Bilateral and low ridge patterns with early plastic mulching increased seedling emergence rate,seedling rate,single plant biomass by 45.9%,70.7% and 44.4% in the moderately salty fields,respectively. Bilateral and low ridge patterns with early plastic mulching had the better effect on seedling emergence

关 键 词：滨海盐碱地 预覆膜 起垄 耕层 生态效应 棉花 出苗率 成苗率 

分 类 号：S562[农业科学—作物学] S156.4