薯麦轮作体系钾肥全部施于薯季提高甘薯和周年产量  

Full application of potassium fertilizer in sweet potato to increase tuber and annual yields in sweet potato/wheat rotation

作　　者：宁运旺[1] 张辉[1] 许仙菊[1] 马洪波[1] 张永春[1] NING Yun-wamg;ZHANG Hui;XU Xian-ju;MA Hong-bo;ZHANG Yong-chun(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environmental Research,Yiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation（Yiangsu）,Ministry of Agriculture,Nanjing 210014,China)

机构地区：[1]江苏省农业科学院农业资源与环境研究所/农业部江苏耕地保育科学观测实验站,南京210014

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第4期935-946,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：公益性行业(农业)科研专项(20100314-1-2);现代农业产业技术体系(CARS-10-B-9)建设专项资金资助

摘　　要：【目的】薯麦轮作是我国甘薯种植的主要模式,施钾对甘薯、小麦都有较好的增产效果。本文研究了薯麦轮作中钾肥最佳运筹方案,以便更好地发挥钾肥效益。【方法】在江苏省农业科学院位于南京的六合基地连续进行了三年田间定位试验,在周年钾肥投入总量K_2O 270 kg/hm^2的前提下,设置5个甘薯(S)/小麦(W)钾肥分配量处理,分别为S0W270、S90W180、S135W135、S180W90、S270W0,重复三次。调查了产量、产量组成和生物量分配,测定了吸钾量、钾生理效率和钾表观平衡。【结果】钾肥分配量显著影响甘薯的块根产量、单株薯数、单个薯重、冠根比、吸钾量和钾生理效率,而对小麦产量、有效穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、草谷比、吸钾量、钾收获指数和钾生理效率均无显著影响。甘薯产量和周年产量均以钾肥全部施于薯季的S270W0处理最高,全部分配于麦季的S0W270处理次之,S270W0的甘薯产量和周年产量比薯麦两季分配的S90W180、S135W135、S180W90处理提高20.7%~24.5%(P<0.05)和17.8%~20.9%(P<0.01),S0W270的分别提高了9.9%~13.4%(P>0.05)和8.2%~11.0%(P>0.05)。S270W0处理的单株薯数和单个薯重分别比钾肥施两季的处理高5.2%~10.4%和8.5%~30.6%(P<0.01),是其产量增加的主要原因;S0W270处理的单株薯数比这三个处理高18.9%~24.8%(P<0.001),但单薯重低于其他处理,较高的单株薯数是该处理甘薯增产的主要原因。S180W90和S270W0处理甘薯整株吸钾量比S90W180和S0W270高出9.7%~16.1%(P<0.05)。随薯季施钾量增加,甘薯冠根比先增后减(P<0.001)、钾生理效率先减后增(P<0.01)、钾收获指数和商品率变化较小(P>0.05)。甘薯吸钾量平均为K_2O 228.0 kg/hm^2,是小麦的2.3倍;钾收获指数平均为0.55,是小麦的5.5倍。薯蔓中储存的钾占甘薯吸钾量的46.6%,薯蔓还田可满足小麦对钾的需求;麦秸中贮存的钾占小麦吸钾量的91.0%,麦秸还田只能满足甘薯吸钾量的39.5%。�[Objectives]Potassium （K） fertilizer is effective on increasing yields of both sweet potato and wheat in sweet potato/wheat rotation. The paper studied the suitable K management for the system.[Methods]A local field experiment was conducted for three consecutive years in Liuhe Experimental Base of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing City. At the same annual K fertilizer application rate of K2O 270 kg/hm^2, five K allocation rates in sweet potato （S） and wheat （W） were setup as S0W270, S90W180, S135W135, S180W90 and S270W0. The yield and yield components of sweet potatoes and wheat were investigated, the uptakes and physiological efficiency of K fertilizer were calculated, and the apparent balance of soil K was estimated.[Results]In sweet potato, K fertilizer allocation rates obviously affected the tuber yield, tuber number per plant, fresh weight per tuber, ratio of top to root, the K uptake and physiological efficiency. In wheat, the effects of K allocation rates on grain yield, ear number per hectare, grain number per ear, 1000-grain weight, ratio of straw to grain, the uptake and physiological efficiency, and K harvest index were not significant. The highest tuber yield and total rotation yield were obtained in treatment of S270W0, and followed by S0W270. Compared to the treatments of S90W180, S135W135 and S180W90, the tuber yield and total rotation yield under the S270W0 were increased by 20.7%-24.5% （P 〈 0.05） and 17.8%-20.9% （P 〈 0.01）, respectively, and those under the S0W270 were increased by 9.9%-13.4% （P 〉 0.05） and 8.2%-11.0% （P 〉 0.05）, respectively. Under the treatment of S270W0, the tuber number per plant was 5.2%-10.4% and the fresh weight per tuber was 8.5%-30.6% higher than the three treatments （P 〈 0.01）, which were the two main factors leading to high yield. While under the S0W270, the tuber number per plant was 18.9%-24.8% higher than those of the three treatments （P 〈 0.001）, which was the main reason for tuber yield increase, alth

关 键 词：甘薯 小麦 轮作 钾肥运筹 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学] S531