自愿、自治与人权——以活体器官移植原则为分析对象  

Institutional Reconstruction for the Voluntary Principle of Living Organ Transplantation: From the Perspective of Private Law Autonomy

作　　者：荣振华 唐义红 RONG Zhen-hua;TANG Yi-hong(Dalian Medical University,Dalian 116644;Southwest Medical University,Luzhou 646000,China)

机构地区：[1]大连医科大学人文与社会科学学院,辽宁大连116644 [2]西南医科大学法学院,四川泸州646000

出　　处：《西南政法大学学报》2018年第3期65-73,共9页Journal of Southwest University of Political Science and Law

基　　金：2014年四川省科学技术厅;泸州市人民政府和泸州医学院联合科研专项资金软科学计划项目"活体器官捐献者违约之法律和伦理思考"(14RKX0017)

摘　　要：活体器官移植的自愿原则因其生成于《民法通则》统领时期,且置身于行政法之中,致使该原则不但偏重于形式表达,而且相关制度设计倾向于静态调整,忽略了对活体器官移植主体私权自治探知的制度设计,导致相关制度在具体应用过程中流于形式。从《民法总则》自愿原则视角反思该原则的宏观架构,该原则应该承担起"基本原则"之重任,应以捐献人和接受人的私权自治为立法基点,将自愿与知情结合,突出自愿原则的动态引导功能。同时,增设公序良俗原则,以矫正自愿原则在具体适用中可能被异化的倾向。在具体制度设计上,应以捐献人本人自愿为首位,增设医学托辞制度,并在立法上列举捐献人和接受人主观自愿的惯常判断因素,不仅有利于医疗机构和医务人员告知义务的履行,而且也为伦理委员会判断当事人自愿提供一定的参考。The voluntary principle of living organ transplantation emerged during the leading period of general rule of civil law,and it was put in administrative law. As a result,the principle not only focuses on the form expression,but also the related system design tends to static adjustment. Ignoring the system design of the autonomy of private law of the main body of living organ transplantation causes the related system to become formalistic in the concrete application process. The macrostructure of this principle,being reflected from the voluntary perspective,this principle should bear the burden of ＂basic principles＂. The lawmaking should be based on the principle of private-right autonomy of the donor and recipient. Voluntary and the right to know should be combined to highlight the dynamic guiding function of the voluntary principle. At the same time,the principle of public order is set up to correct the tendency of the voluntary principle to be dissimilated in the specific application. In the design of the specific system,the donor will should be put in the first place. We shall establish medical excuse system,and in the legislation,list the habitual judgment elements according to the subjective and voluntary decisions of donors and recipients. It is not only beneficial to perform the informing obligation for medical institutions and medical staff,but also offer a certain reference for the ethical committee to judge the voluntary provision.

关 键 词：活体器官移植 自愿原则 私法自治 家庭伦理 医学托辞制度 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学]