作为文明象征的矿冶及中国青铜的多元“面相”  

Mining and Metallurgy as a Symbol of Culture and Multiple Dimensions of the Chinese Bronze Wares

作　　者：邓启耀[1] DENG Qiyao

机构地区：[1]中山大学

出　　处：《中国矿业大学学报（社会科学版）》2018年第5期3-23,共21页Journal of China University of Mining & Technology(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目"中国宗教艺术遗产调查与数字化保存整理研究"(项目编号:11&ZD185)阶段性成果

摘　　要：青铜器及其铸造技术曾经成为一个时代的符号。在数千年时间里,金属矿藏作为国家重要资源被控制,矿冶和铸造成为青铜器时代文明支撑的核心技术,而青铜器的拥有情况,也成为权力分配,社会分层,控制国家政治、军事和经济命脉的物质基础。当然,正如中国文明的多元脉向一样,由于空间分布和族群文化的差异,中国青铜器的形制呈现几种器物类型及造型纹饰风格:中原夏、商、周青铜礼器、祭器及饕餮纹饰,巴蜀三星堆、金沙遗址大眼纵目青铜面具,滇、越青铜贮贝器和铜鼓,北方草原鄂尔多斯式(斯基泰式)青铜牌扣饰及兵器。这说明中国的青铜时代,既没有一个一统天下的模式,也并非各文化孤立发展。在不同的文化空间,不同族群的青铜器各有其文化胎记,形成不同的青铜文化"面相";同时,或基于经济文化交往,或来自战争和政治统摄行为,不同的青铜文化在资源、形制等方面产生互动,出现杂交的"面相"及其混融的艺术风格。这是多元文化空间中不同族群长期交融互动的结果。Bronze and its foundry technology used to be the symbol of an era.In the past thousands of years,metal was controlled as important national resources,and mining and metallurgy became the core technology that supported the Bronze Age.The possession of bronze ware was the material basis of power distribution and social stratification controlling the politics,military and economics of a country.Like the multi-dimensional civilization of China,the shapes and craftsmanship of the bronze wares are different due to diverse spatial distribution and ethnic culture.The bronze wares can be categorized into several types by their shapes and decorations：bronze sacrificial vessels decorated with Taotie pattern in Central Plains in the Xia,Shang,and Zhou Dynasties;bronze masks with protruding eyes in the Sanxingdui Ruins and the Jinsha Ruins located in ancient Shu Kingdom;bronze shellfishes and bronze drums in ancient Yunnan and Vietnam;Ordos bronze medals and weapons in the northern steppe.The diversity of bronze wares illustrates that in the Bronze Age,there was no unified culture in China,but cultures were also not isolated.In different cultural spaces,bronze wares of ethnic groups grew out of their own culture and history,and therefore resulted in the multiple dimensions of bronze wares.Meanwhile,in economic and cultural encounters or war and political governance,different bronze cultures interacted with each other in terms of resources,shapes and craftsmanship,resulting in the hybrid dimensions and blended art styles,which were the outcomes of the long-term mutual interaction among ethnic groups in multi-cultural spaces.

关 键 词：矿冶 青铜器 多元面相 青铜文化 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]