不同机械深耕的改土及促进作物生长和增产效果  

Soil amelioration by deep ploughing of different machineries and its effect on promoting crop growth and yield

作　　者：高中超[1] 宋柏权 王翠玲[3] 高文超[3] 张丽丽 孙磊[1] 郝小雨[1] 刘峰[3] Gao Zhongchao;Song Baiquan;Wang Cuiling;Gao Wenchao;Zhang Lili;Sun Lei;Hao Xiaoyu;Liu Feng(Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Institute of Soil Fertilizer and Environment Resource,Harbin 150086,China;Heilongjiang Provincial Key Lab of Cold Region Ecological Restoration and Resource Utilization/Key Laboratoryof Sugarbeet Genetic Breeding,Heilongjiang Common College,Harbin 150080,China;Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Harbin 150086,China)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省农业科学院土壤肥料与资源环境研究所,哈尔滨150086 [2]黑龙江省寒地生态修复与资源利用重点实验室、黑江省普通高等学校甜菜遗传育种重点实验室,哈尔滨150080 [3]黑龙江省农业科学院,哈尔滨150086

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2018年第12期79-86,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B01、2017YFD0300405); 国家重点研发计划(2017YFD0300503-02)

摘　　要：长期不合理耕作导致土壤结构性能恶化、土壤耕性变差,限制作物根系下扎、影响土壤生产潜力发挥。为了改善土壤耕层构造,该试验采用自主研发的改土机械ES-210型深松犁和前置式心土(亚表层)耕作犁进行深耕,以灭茬旋耕(常规耕作)为对照,进行大区耕作对比试验。结果表明:1)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,耕层土壤固相率分别降低1.6%~3.3%、2.8%~4.5%,液相、汽相相对增加,三相比更趋于合理化;打破犁底层,降低耕层土壤硬度,其中20~35 cm土层效果更为明显;耕层土壤有效水含量上升1.1%~1.2%、0.9%,束缚水(无效水)含量下降0.4%~1.1%、0.5%~0.9%。2)深松、亚表层耕作处理比对照根长增长,其中甜菜增长5.1%、2.9%,大豆增长11.5%、13.2%;干物质积累量增加,其中甜菜增加2.3%~4.1%、3.1%~4.8%,大豆增加7.8%~10.0%、10.4%~13.6%;3)深松、亚表层耕作处理与对照相比,其中甜菜增产8.5%、12.6%;大豆增产5.0%、6.1%;深松及亚表层耕作改土处理分别比对照增收1003.3、1454.4元/hm2,其中收益大小为亚表层耕作处理>深松处理>对照。可见,采用ES-210深松犁及心土耕作犁深耕改土,改变了土壤耕层构造,起到扩库增容的效果;改善了作物根系生长环境,提高了作物产量,为今后农业耕作机械的发展提供了技术支撑。For many years, farmers adopt a traditional cultivation method （turning, rotating, hallowing, pressing） to grow cropsin China. However, improper mechanization, the nonstandard deep tillage or illogical methods of rotary tillage and subsoilingresult in soil compaction, loss of soil and the plow pan formation. Consequently, the depth of tillage is shallowing, the abilityof moisture conservation is weakening, and surface runoff is increasing. Improper soil tillage methods deteriorate soil quality,affect the roots to penetrate lower soil layer, limit the potential of soil production and restrain the development of modernagriculture. How to improve the production capacity of tillage soil through mechanization becomes a valuable research project,from which a better soil tillage method needs to be developed in order to improve soil properties. However, a completedtechnological system for subsoiling was not yet built to achieve such goal. To improve soil tillage, field experiments（block-tillage comparison） were conducted to study the effect of deep tillage mechanically on the growth of sugar beet andsoybean with the help of self-developed deep pine plough （ES-210, tillage depth 40 cm） and the subsoil tillage plough （tillagedepth 20 cm）. Deep pine plough was used to move subsoil （20-30 cm） up to the soil layer （10-20 cm） to form a hole. At thesame time, some upper soil fell in the hole becoming fertilizer grooves. These grooves allowed deep growing of roots,conserving water and promoting fertilizer use by plants. The wide head of the plow （subsoil tillage plough） can break theplow-pan to subsoil layer down to 35-40 cm deep. A comparison test was carried out with the conventional tillage （stubblechopping）. Results showed that the cultivation measures improved the physical quality of the soil. Compared with theconventional tillage treatment, the solid phase ratio respectively decreased by 1.6%-3.3% and 2.8%-4.5% with deep looseningand subsoil tillage treatments. In the meanwhile, liquid phase

关 键 词：农业机械 土壤 耕作 大豆 甜菜 生长 产量 

分 类 号：S156[农业科学—土壤学]