一次性根区穴施尿素提高夏玉米产量和养分吸收利用效率  

Single fertilization of urea in root zone improving crop yield, nutrient uptake and use efficiency in summer maize

作　　者：姜超强[1,2] 王火焰[2] 卢殿君 周健民[2] 王世济[1] 祖朝龙[1] Jiang Chaoqiang;Wang Huoyan;Lu Dianjun;Zhou Jianmin;Wang Shiji;Zu Chaolong(Tobacco Research Institute / Maize Research Center,Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Hefei 230031,China;State KeyLaboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Nanjing 210008,China)

机构地区：[1]安徽省农业科学院烟草研究所/玉米研究中心,合肥230031 [2]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤与农业可持续发展国家重点实验室,南京210008

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2018年第12期146-153,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点基础研究发展计划("973"计划)项目(2013CB127401);安徽省自然科学基金项目(1708085MC54);安徽省农科院学科建设项目(17A0921)资助

摘　　要：为了明确氮肥一次施用对作物产量和肥料利用率的影响,探寻夏玉米全生育期一次性施氮技术,该文通过2a(2015-2016)在安徽省太和县砂姜黑土和东至县红黄壤的田间试验,研究了农民习惯分次施氮(SSB)、一次性根区穴施尿素(RZF)和一次性条施尿素(BDP)对夏玉米产量、氮磷钾养分吸收和利用的影响。结果表明,各处理玉米产量的顺序为RZF>SSB≈BDP>CK,RZF比SSB和BDP分别显著增产8.8%和9.8%。RZF的氮磷钾素积累均为各处理最高,氮肥表观利用率为50.1%~58.9%,比SSB和BDP分别提高8.3和12.4个百分点,并且氮肥农学利用率和偏生产力均最高。RZF的磷肥表观利用率为17.5%,比SSB和BDP分别显著提高18.1%和27.2%。同一施氮水平下,太和点的产量、生物量和氮素积累量比东至点分别高31.5%、25.2%和46.3%。一次性根区穴施尿素提高了氮肥在耕层土壤的集中度,降低了氮素释放速度,达到缓控释肥的效果,能够显著增加玉米产量、提高氮肥利用率。可见,一次根区施肥能够替代当前习惯的分次施肥,实现作物高产稳产,对于化学氮肥减量施用、提高肥料利用率具有很大的潜力和空间,值得进一步研发施肥机械和推广应用。Appropriate fertilization practices are critical for improving crop yields and increasing nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）. Split surface broadcasting（SSB） of nitrogen is typically practiced for summer maize（Zea Mays L.） in China. However, the SSB of nitrogen is labor intensive and causes large amount of nitrogen leaching or runoff into the environment, yet it does not substantially increase maize yields. Deep placement of nitrogen fertilizers has been widely recognized as an efficient way to solve such problems. However, limited information is available on the effect of one-time deep placement of urea on plant growth, nitrogen uptake and NUE in maize cropping system. Therefore, the object of this study was to investigate the effect of nitrogen application method on maize yield and NUE, which could not only provide an optimum one-time fertilization for summer maize, but also decrease chemical nitrogen fertilizers input to reduce environmental risks and maintain the sustainable development of maize cropping system. A two-year consecutive field experiment was conducted from 2015 to 2016 in Taihe and Dongzhi counties of Anhui province to study the effect of different nitrogen application methods on crop yield, nutrient uptake and fertilizer use efficiency in maize cropping system. There were four treatments, CK（with no N fertilizer）, two-split surface broadcasting（SSB）, one-time root-zone fertilization（RZF, all nitrogen fertilizers were point deep-placed at one time as a basal fertilizer into a hole 5 cm away from the seed and 12 cm under the soil surface）, and one-time band deep placement（BDP, the nitrogen fertilizers were applied in a band at 5 cm from the seed and 12 cm under the soil surface as basal fertilizer）. The results showed that the grain yield of different application methods was as follows： RZFSSB≈BDP〉CK. RZF achieved the highest grain yield in all treatments, which was 8.8% and 9.8% significant higher than that of the SSB and BDP, respectively. Similarly, the uptake of N,

关 键 词：肥料 养分 根区施肥 夏玉米 产量 利用效率 

分 类 号：S513[农业科学—作物学] S147.24