19世纪前半叶法国警察制度探析  

A Study of the French Police System in the First Half of the 19^(th) Century

作　　者：周小兰[1] Zhou Xiaolan

机构地区：[1]华南师范大学历史文化学院

出　　处：《史学月刊》2018年第8期84-91,共8页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目"19世纪中前期法国经济社会危机的机理及政府应对研究"(15BSS034)

摘　　要：在法国,警察制度作为政府实现社会治理现代化的利器,与其组织和职能制度化的趋势直接相关。17世纪,警察在维护王权和巴黎公共秩序的需求下应运而生,但其组织松散、职能和权属模糊。19世纪前半叶,虽政权更迭频繁,但警察机构的制度化趋势从未中断,职权清晰、等级明确的警察制度逐渐成型。以对生计物资的监管为例,行政警察事无巨细地依法规训市场,对贸易地点、时间和参与者实施监管,有效预防犯罪;司法警察则着重调查侵害私产行为,追捕、押解或审判罪犯,打击违法行为。无论是行政还是司法职权,警察制度都依附于法律权威,按照严格的司法程序实施压制,保障公民获取生计物资的天生权利和私产不受侵害的权益,得到普遍的接受和认可。鉴于法国警察在社会治理方面的成功经验,其逐渐成为国家机器中重要的组成部分。In France,the police system is a useful instrument for the government to achieve modernization of its social governance.Its instrumentalization was directly linked with the institutionalization of its function and organization.In the 17-（th） century,the police emerged under the demand for defending the crown and maintaining the public order in Paris,but its organization was slack,its power and function were unclear at the beginning.In the first half of 19-（th） century,despite frequent regime changes,the institutionalization of police institutions were never interrupted.Police system with clear power and function,as well as explicit hierarchy gradually took shape.Take living supplies as the case,the administrative police meticulously regulated the market pursuant to the law;they took charge of the trading time,places and participants,and effectively prevented criminal acts.The judicial police focused on investigations of personal property infringements;they chased,arrested,escorted or judged the criminals and cracked down on any kinds of violations.Clinging to the authority of law,the police implemented suppressions in strict accordance with judicial procedures.They ensured that citizens would get living supplies and their properties would not be harmed.As a result,the police system was widely accepted and recognized in France.In light of French police＇s success in social governance,it gradually became an important component of the state apparatus.

关 键 词：法国 19世纪前半叶 警察制度 社会治理 

分 类 号：K565.41[历史地理—历史学]