3D打印制备多孔结构的研究与应用现状  

Research and Application of 3D Printed Porous Geometric Structure:a Review

作　　者：杨建明[1,2] 汤阳 顾海[2] 刘永加 黄大志 陈劲松[1,2] YANG Jianming;TANG Yang;GU Hai;LIU Yongjia;HUANG Dazhi;CHEN Jinsong(Marine Resources Development Institute of Jiangsu,Huaihai Institute of Technology,Lianyungang 222005;Jiangsu KeyLaboratory of 3D Printing Equipment and Application Technology,Nantong Institute of Technology,Nantong 226002;Lianyungang Zhenghang Power Energy-Saving Technology Co.,Ltd.,Lianyungang 222022)

机构地区：[1]淮海工学院江苏省海洋资源开发研究院,连云港222005 [2]南通理工学院,江苏省3D打印装备及应用技术重点建设实验室,南通226002 [3]连云港正航电力节能技术有限公司,连云港222022

出　　处：《材料导报》2018年第15期2672-2683,共12页Materials Reports

基　　金：江苏省3D打印装备及应用技术重点建设实验室开放基金资助项目(2017KFKT01); 连云港市产业前瞻与共性关键技术项目(CG1608); 江苏省333科研资助计划项目(BRA2016293); 江苏省重点建设学科资助项目(苏教研[2016]9号)

摘　　要：多孔结构材料具有优异的物理、力学性能,应用领域广泛。目前,已开发出的多孔结构的制备方法种类繁多,然而仅少数可实现批量生产,大多数方法工艺较为复杂,并且在制备过程中难以对多孔结构进行有效控制,以致所得多孔结构仍存在某些性能方面的不足。3D打印技术的发展与应用为多孔结构的制备带来了新的途径,所制备的多孔结构可同时具备宏观孔隙和微观孔隙,其骨架及宏观孔隙可以根据需要进行设计。可用于制备多孔结构的3D打印方法主要有利用激光能量的选择性激光烧结法(SLS)、选择性激光熔化法(SLM)和激光近净成形法(LENS)等方法,利用电子束能量的电子束熔化(EBM)法,喷射粘结剂的三维印刷(3DP)法,材料挤出类中的熔融沉积成形(FDM)法和三维浆丝沉积(3DF)法,以及间接3D打印法。近年来,国内外学者对采用这些方法制备多孔结构开展了一定的研究,以期找到适合具体情况的3D打印方法及相应合理的工艺规范,从而提高制件的性能。采用SLS、SLM和LENS法,通过控制激光扫描轨迹和粉末烧结程度可以获得材料的宏观和微观孔隙。SLS法可制备的多孔结构材料种类较广,SLM和LENS法主要用于制备金属多孔结构。EBM法与SLM法类似,但EBM法需要在真空环境下成形,可用于制备Ti等活泼金属材料。适用于3DP法的粉末材料种类更广,可选用不同的粘结剂和相应的后处理方法,其工艺灵活性大。FDM法一般用于低熔点热塑性材料,通过熔融挤出而堆积成宏观多孔结构。3DF法以粉末浆料的形式挤出成形,适用的材料种类比FDM法广,得到的结构具有宏观和微观孔隙。FDM和3DF法的打印精度和孔隙尺寸受喷嘴打印能力的限制。间接法先利用某种便捷的3D打印方法制备出多孔结构原模,再将该原模经粉末冶金、浇注等方法制得所需的多孔结构材料,这样可以避免3D打印直接制备某些材料�The materials with porous geometric structure can be used in numerous occasions in industries because of its excellent physical and mechanical performance.At present,various methods are developed to fabricate the porous structure,but a few of them can realize batch production,most of them are of complicated process and are difficult to effectively control the porous geometric structure during the process,thus resulting in the insufficient properties of the porous structures.The development and application of 3 Dprinting technology have introduced a new way of porous structure fabrication.The porous geometric structures fabricated by 3 Dprinting possess both macroscopic and microscopic pore,their framework and macro-pore can be designed according to the demand.3 Dprinting methods that can be used to fabricate the porous structure mainly include SLS,SLM and LENS（by using laser energy）,EBM（by using the electron beam energy）,3 DP（by spraying adhesives）,FDM and 3 DF（classified among material extruding）,and indirect 3 Dprinting method.In recent years,numerous studies on fabrication of porous structure by the above 3 Dprinting methods were conducted by scholars at home and abroad,aiming at finding the appropriate 3 Dprinting method fitted for specific re-quirements and the reaso-nable technical specification corresponding to the method,and then enhance the properties of the fabricated structures.When SLS,SLM,and LENS method are adopted,macropore and micropore can be obtained by controlling laser scanning track and powder sintering degree.There are a wide range of porous structure materials that can be fabricated by SLS.SLM and LENS method are mainly used to fabricate the porous structure of metal.EBM is similar to SLM,but only under the vacuum condition can the formation of products be realized by EBM,therefore,it is appropriate for active metal materials like Ti.There is a wider range of material powders that can be used for 3 DP method.The process flexibility of 3 DP method is also amazing because diff

关 键 词：3D打印 多孔结构 制备技术 孔隙形成机理 

分 类 号：TB34[一般工业技术—材料科学与工程]