明治政府一元外交制度的确立过程刍议  

From Multi to Mono-element Transition:An Aspect of Meiji Diplomacy Revolution and Practice in Japan

作　　者：张晓刚 ZHANG Xiao-gang(College of History ＆ Culture,Changchun Normal University, Changchun, Jilin, 130112, China)

机构地区：[1]长春师范大学历史文化学院,吉林长春130112

出　　处：《日本问题研究》2018年第4期50-57,共8页Japanese Research

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目"中日韩开港与城市社会变迁研究"(12BSSO16)

摘　　要：德川幕府末期,面对西力东渐的挑战,幕府已经无力维持其坚守祖法的外交"定制"。公家、幕府与强藩分享了外交主体资格,日本式"天下"体系与条约体系同时存在。明治维新之后,日本外交革新一度将重点放在了实现外交一元化的努力上。"天下"体系被完全摒弃,外交主体统一到天皇名下,外务省以天皇"专命有司"的形式行使着外交职能。随着日本参谋本部从政府中独立出来,外务省的外交专权被打破,参谋本部任意解释军务的范畴,按照自己的意愿行使事实上的外交职能。此外,大陆浪人也在体制之外通过民间管道从事外交活动,进一步导致了明治政府外交决策权与职能的分散。At the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate,facing the challenges from the Western world,the shogunate could not maintain its diplomatic policies of the old time.The emperor of Japan,the shogunate,and strong local military leaders shared the right of diplomacy.And the＂One World Under the Sky＂system existed together with the Westphalian system.After the Tokugawa Shogunate,the diplomatic revolution once focused on efforts to achieve a unified diplomacy.The＂One World Under the Sky＂system was completely abandonned,and the diplomatic rigths were restored to the emperor.Foreign affairs were manipulated in the name of＂Office by the Emperor＂.With the independence of the Japanese Staff Officer Department from Japanese government,the right of diplomacy was broken,and Japanese Staff Officer Department arbitrarily interpreted the scope of military affairs and exercised de facto diplomatic functions according to their own wishes.Moreover,the wandering militaryman on the continent also engaged in diplomatic activities outside the system through private channels,which further led to the decentralization of the Meiji government＇s diplomatic decision-making power and functions.

关 键 词：日本 明治时期 外交革新 多元 一元 

分 类 号：K313.4[历史地理—历史学]