地膜覆盖时间对新疆棉田水热及棉花耗水和产量的影响  

Effect of plastic film mulching duration on soil temperature and moisture in field and cotton water comsumption and yield in Xinjiang

作　　者：祖米来提.吐尔干 林涛[2,3] 严昌荣[2] 迪丽拜尔.迪力买买提 邓方宁 吴凤全[1] 孔松 汤秋香[1] Zumilaiti Tuergan;Lin Tao;Yan Changrong;Dilibaier Dilimaimaiti;Deng Fangning;Wu Fengquan;Kong Song;Tang Qiuxiang(College of Agronomy,Xinjiang Agricultural University,Urumqi 830052,China;Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beijing 100081,China;Research Institute of Industrial Crops,Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Urumqi 830091,China)

机构地区：[1]新疆农业大学农学院,乌鲁木齐830052 [2]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081 [3]新疆农业科学院经济作物研究所,乌鲁木齐830091

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2018年第11期113-120,共8页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(31460143);国家自然科学基金面上项目(31370522);新疆维吾尔自治区科技支疆项目(2016E02078);新疆农业大学研究生科研创新项目(XJAUGRI2016015);新疆维吾尔自治区公益性行业项目(KY2015086);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项经费项目(201503105)

摘　　要：该文主要研究不同的地膜覆盖时间对棉田水热及棉花产量的影响。设置了6个地膜覆盖时间:40 d(J1)、55 d(J2)、70 d(J3)、85 d(J4)、100 d(J5)和140 d(全生育期覆盖,CK),2016和2017年在阿克苏绿洲典型滴灌棉田进行田间试验,分析不同地膜覆盖时间对土壤温度、土壤水分、耗水量(crop evapotranspiration,ET_c)、产量、水分利用效率(water use efficiency,WUE)的影响。结果表明,不同地膜覆盖时间可影响土壤水热状况。随着地膜覆盖时间延长,0～80 cm土层含水率逐渐增加,ET_c持续降低,WUE呈增加趋势,但超过100 d后对ET_c及WUE无显著影响。J1、J2、J3和J4处理在揭除膜后,土壤含水率迅速降低,土壤深层水快速消耗,进入铃期后处理间差异才逐步开始缩小。地膜覆盖时间小于100 d会显著减少单株成铃数,降低单铃质量,最终造成减产。J1～J5覆盖时间中,J5处理产量(2 a平均为6 800 kg/hm^2)和WUE(2 a平均为11.5 kg/(hm^2·mm))最高(P<0.05),且J5与CK差异不显著(P>0.05),可见,地膜覆盖100 d较适宜。该研究结果可为绿洲棉区合理地使用地膜提供科学依据,也为残膜回收及降解地膜的安全应用提供理论支持。Mulching is of functions of warming, preserving soil moisture, suppressing salt and preventing weeds, increasing soil water storage capacity, reducing soil water evaporation and improving the effectiveness of soil moisture. A cotton cultivation field experiment was carried out under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching for 2 growing seasons from May to September of 2016 and 2017 in the Tarim Basin, Northwest China （40°06 N,80°44 E, altitude 1 025 m）. The experiment included 6 mulching duration treatments of 40 （J1）, 55 （J2）, 70 （J3）, 85 （J4）, 100 （J5） and 140 d （whole growing season mulching, CK）. The air temperature and precipitation were measured. The precipitation during the growth period of cotton was 45.2 mm in 2016 and 132.36 mm in 2017. The cotton sowed on April 8th, 2016 and April 15th, 2017. The seedling stage started from April 30th in 2016 and May 10th in 2017. The duration from seedling to boll-opening stages was 137 and 131 days respectively for the year of 2016 and 2017. The soil temperature was measured at 10 cm depth. The water content was determined for 0-80 cm soil depth. Effects of plastic mulching duration on soil temperature, soil water content, crop evapotranspiration （ETc） and yield of cotton field. The water use efficiency was also calculated. The results showed that soil temperature was greatly affected by film mulching duration. After the film was removed, the soil temperature was decreased especially at seedling and bud stage. For the whole growing period of cotton, the change in soil temperature of CK was similar with J5. The film mulching duration also affected soil water content. The soil water content was lower during the early stage of cotton than after the flowering stage. The water content was the lowest for J1 and J2 treatments at the seedling and bud stages since the film was removed and evaporation was higher than the other treatments during these stages. The change of soil water content at 0-20 cm was obvious for different mulching dur

关 键 词：耗水量 温度 含水率 地膜覆盖 棉花 水分利用效率 产量 

分 类 号：S161.4[农业科学—农业气象学] S626.4[农业科学—农业基础科学]