比例原则下电子通信数据留存之限度——《欧盟2006/24号指令》无效案  

Principle of Proportionality: ECJ's Preliminary Ruling on the Validity of Directive 2006/24/EC

作　　者：周杰[1] Zhou Jie(Translato)

机构地区：[1]苏州大学王健法学院

出　　处：《苏州大学学报（法学版）》2018年第3期150-160,共11页Journal of Soochow University：Law Edition

基　　金：2017年教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目"跨国网络行动的国家责任问题研究"(项目编号:17YJC820070);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(PAPD)的研究成果

摘　　要：在电子通信数据日益成为打击犯罪的重要辅助工具的背景下,欧盟出台了《2006/24号指令》,旨在统一各成员国关于留存电子通信数据的法律规定。然而,这一指令却遭遇侵犯基本权利的指控。在C-293/12和C-594/12号案中,爱尔兰最高法院和奥地利宪法法院分别向欧盟法院提起审查该指令效力的"先予裁决"请求。欧盟法院认为,根据《欧盟基本权利宪章》第52条第1款的规定以及欧盟法院的既有判例,任何限制公民基本权利的行为都应在追求公共利益的基础上符合更为严格的比例原则的要求,亦即,应将侵权行为限制在为追求立法目的之"严格必要性"限度内。欧盟法院认为,虽然《2006/24号指令》本质上是为了追求打击严重犯罪的公共利益,但是其关于数据留存的具体规定过于宽泛,已经超出了"严格必要性"的限度,据此判决该指令无效。As electronic communication data has been becoming increasingly important for fighting against serious crimes, EU enacted the ＂Directive 2006/4/EC＂, which aims at harmonizing domestic data retention rules of the Member States, and promoting the availability of such data in the course of investigating and prosecuting crimes. However, this Directive was strongly blamed for infringing citizens＇ fundamental rights. In Case C-293/12 and C-594/12, initiated by the High Court（ Ireland ） and the Constitutional Court（ Austria ） respectively, the European Court of Justice （ ECJ ） was requested to give ＂preliminary ruling＂ concern the validity of this Directive. After its evaluation, ECJ found that, in accordance with Article 52.1 of the ＂Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union＂ and related jurisprudence established by ECJ, any actions of EU institutions possibly affecting citizens＇ enjoyment to fundamental rights shall be strictly examined under the principle of ＂proportionality＂. Particularly, such actions shall only be legitimate where the requirement of ＂strict necessity＂ can be satisfied. Although the ＂2006/24 Directive＂, in essential, was served to the public interest of fighting against serious crimes, ECJ believed that the rules laid down in that directive are too broad to justify the ＂strict necessity＂ requirement. Hence, this Directive was held to be invalid by ECJ.

关 键 词：电子通信 数据留存 比例原则 隐私权 个人数据受保护权 

分 类 号：D911[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]