谣言传播的情境、内容、传播者与受众特征及相关认知神经科学研究  

Factors Influencing Rumor Transmission: Characteristics of Circumstances, Contents, Transmitters and Recipients

作　　者：彭晓哲 崔芳 焦璨 李红 Peng Xiaozhe;Cui Fang;Jiao Can;Li Hong(College of Psychology and Sociology,Shenzhen,518060;Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Affective and Social Cognitive Science,Shenzhen University,Shenzhen,518060;Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience,Shenzhen,518060)

机构地区：[1]深圳大学心理与社会学院,深圳518060 [2]深圳市情绪与社会认知科学重点实验室,深圳518060 [3]深圳市神经科学研究院,深圳518060

出　　处：《心理科学》2018年第4期916-921,共6页Journal of Psychological Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金青年项目(31600889);国家自然科学基金青年项目(31500877);教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目(16YJCZH074);广东省自然科学基金博士启动项目(2016A030310039);广东省哲学社会科学"十二五"规划学科共建项目(GD15XXL06);广东省高等学校优秀青年教师培养计划(YQ2014149)的资助

摘　　要：什么样的谣言更容易获取信任、得到传播?面对谣言,为何有人理性批判,有人则毫不犹豫地点"赞"、转发?这是大众和研究者们共同关注的问题。本文主要从情境、内容特征、传播者与受众特征这三个维度论述了影响谣言传播的因素。从情境特征来看,谣言在模糊且具有潜在威胁的情境中更易传播,封闭的舆论场也助长了谣言传播;从内容特征来看,包含负性情绪、针对特定对象的谣言更易得到传播;从传播者与受众特征来看,可靠消息源会增强人们的传播意愿;另一方面,受众的认知局限、人格特质、动机、价值观等,可能造成认知偏差或歪曲,助长谣言传播。今后需要更多严格控制变量的实验研究,从行为和神经层面深入探讨谣言传播的机制。最后,社交媒体数据采集与分析技术,以及交叉学科的发展,也为谣言传播研究提供了新的思路和方法。What makes rumors viral？ How users respond to rumors in social media？ Why some people rationally evaluate the credibility and content of rumors, whereas some other people transmit rumors in an irrational manner？ Previously, as Allport and Postman described in the basic law of rumor, the spread of rumor was decided by the multiplication of ＂importance＂ and ＂informational ambiguity＂. As the understanding of rumor extends, more factors or characteristics are demonstrated in the recent research about rumor. The present review summarizes recent research on rumor processing and transmission.In the present review, circumstances, contents, and people（including transmitters and recipients） which primarily influence rumor transmission are identified and introduced. First, rumors arise in ambiguous or threatening situations. Second, characteristics of contents, such as rumor valence and repetition influence rumor transmission. Specifically, negative, or high arousal pictures/contents, as well as repetition facilitate rumor transmission. Third, considering rumor transmitters, highly credible sources facilitate rumor transmission. Considering rumor recipients, both cognitive characteristics and personality impact susceptibility to rumor or rumor transmission. Specifically, attentional bias, false memories, personality traits such as trait anxiety, as well as motivation, and recipients＇ beliefs, may result in bias or distortion in responses to rumors. For example, compared with less anxious individuals, highly anxious individuals are more likely to transmit rumors. Besides, individuals with high level of ＂Need for Cognition＂, or with greater intuitive thinking, are also found to more willing to pursue the rumor. Furthermore, believing in paranormal theories, conspiracy, unwarranted beliefs, and pseudoscience claims are found to be positively correlated. In contrast, affirming control, open-mindedness, and analytic thinking are found to reduce beliefs in conspiracy theories, respectively. These findings

关 键 词：谣言传播 谣言特征 受众特征 社会认知神经科学 

分 类 号：B848[哲学宗教—心理学] G206[文化科学—传播学]