中国水稻收获环节的损失有多高?——基于5省6地的实验调查  

Measuring Rice Loss during Harvest in China:Based on Experiment and Survey in Five Provinces

作　　者：黄东[1] 姚灵[1] 武拉平[1] 朱欣頔 HUANG Dong;YAO Ling;WU La-ping;ZHU Xin-di(College of Economics and Management;College of Engineering,China Agricultural University,Beijing 100083,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业大学经济管理学院,北京100083 [2]中国农业大学工学院,北京100083

出　　处：《自然资源学报》2018年第8期1427-1438,共12页Journal of Natural Resources

基　　金：粮食公益性行业科研专项(201513004-2);国家自然科学基金项目(71273262)~~

摘　　要：受资源禀赋的约束,减少粮食产后损失日益成为增加粮食供给、保障粮食安全的重要措施之一。论文采取实地测量的方法,在全国5省6地开展田间实验和调查访谈,考察了水稻收获环节的损失情况。结果显示:各实验地块水稻收获环节的损失率为1.18%～6.55%。其中,水稻联合收获的损失率显著高于分段收获,先进机型收获的损失率低于普通机型,田地湿度、倒伏程度与水稻收获环节的损失率正相关。结合水稻优势区域的分布推算,全国水稻收获环节的损失率为3.02%。减损的情景模拟表明,当全国水稻收获环节的损失率下降到2.76%(根据农业部《水稻机械化生产技术指导意见》测算),可节约稻谷54万t,可供439万人消费1 a,相当于节约耕地7.84万hm^2,化肥2.61万t(折纯)。Reducing food loss during harvest is a potential way to improve resource efficiency and increase food supply. However, the magnitude and determinants of food loss during harvest have not been seriously studied. This paper uses field experiment data of 25 plots from six experiments conducted in five provinces in China to estimate the magnitude of rice loss during harvest. We found that the rice loss rate during harvest ranges from 1.18% to 6.55% among plots. Moreover, plots harvested by combine harvesters have significantly higher loss than those harvested segmentally. The loss rate of technically advanced combine harvesters is lower than that of common ones, and field humidity and lodging are positively correlated with loss rate. The skills of operators and rice variety are also contributing factors but not statistically significant. Based on the experimental data and the farming condition in rice production areas in China, we estimated that the national average loss rate during harvest of rice is 3.02%. We then simulated rice loss during harvest in alternative scenarios. Under the standards from Guidance on Rice Mechanized Production Technology of the Ministry of Agriculture, the harvest loss rate of rice in China will drop to 2.76%, and then 540 thousand tons of rice can be saved which is enough for one-year consumption of 4.39 million people and is equivalent to saving 78.41 thousand hectares of arable land and 26.1 thousand tons of standardized fertilizer.If all rice fields are high standard farmland, the harvest loss rate of rice in China will drop to 2.08%, and 1.96 million tons of rice can be saved which is one-year consumption of 15.91 million people and equivalent to saving 283.91 thousand hectares of arable land and 94.6 thousand tons of standardized fertilizer. On this basis, we highlight the need to improve agricultural machinery services and farmers＇ resistance to abnormal weather.

关 键 词：水稻 收获环节 损失率 减损模拟 

分 类 号：F326.11[经济管理—产业经济]