上海典型燃烧源铅和汞大气排放趋势分析  

Historical Trends of Atmospheric Pb and Hg Emissions from Fossil Fuel Combustion in Shanghai

作　　者：杨静[1] 陈龙[1] 刘敏[1] 孟祥周[2] 张希 YANG Jing;CHEN Long;LIU Min;MENG Xiang-zhou;ZHANG Xi(School of Geographic Sciences,East China Normal University,Shanghai 200241,China;College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Tongji University,Shanghai 200092,China)

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学地理科学学院,上海200241 [2]同济大学环境科学与工程学院,上海200092

出　　处：《环境科学》2018年第9期3987-3994,共8页Environmental Science

基　　金：国家自然科学基金重点项目(41730646);国家自然科学基金青年科学基金项目(41601526)

摘　　要：上海百年来快速的城市化进程导致资源能源的大量消耗,并向城市环境中排放了大量有毒有害污染物.为探寻上海典型燃烧源重金属大气排放历史及趋势,基于上海化石燃料(煤炭和汽油)的历史消耗量及其大气铅(Pb)和汞(Hg)的排放因子,估算了上海主要燃煤部门(燃煤电厂、工业部门和居民生活)和机动车燃油大气Pb和Hg的历史排放量.结果表明,1949~2015年间大气Pb和Hg的燃煤排放量随时间推进均呈现先增长后下降趋势,即1949年解放后快速增长的煤炭消耗和较少的烟尘控制措施使其排放量出现急剧地波动式增长,至20世纪80~90年达到高峰,此后上海采取了各种减排和控制措施,使得目前三大燃煤源的大气Pb和Hg排放量出现大幅度下降.1980~2015年间上海大气Hg的燃煤排放比例一直占据主导地位(87.5%~99.7%).含铅汽油自1997年完全退出上海市场之后,燃煤排放替代其成为大气Pb的主要贡献源(78.2%~83.5%),然而自2005年起随着汽油消耗的急速增长,汽油燃烧排放又成为其主要贡献源(55.5%~79.1%).Rapid urbanization in Shanghai over the past century has led to increased resource and energy consumption,in turn leading to the release of significant amounts of toxic pollutants into the urban environment. In order to investigate historical variations in atmospheric metal emissions from typical combustion sources in Shanghai,historical emissions of Pb and Hg from coal-fired sectors（coal-fired power plant,industrial sector,and domestic use） and vehicle exhaust in Shanghai during the period 1949-2015 were estimated,based on consumption of fossil fuels（coal and gasoline） and emission factors. Results showed that Pb and Hg emissions exhibited rapidly fluctuating increases from 1949 to the 1980 s or 1990 s,before beginning to decrease sharply due to various pollution control measures. Hg emissions from coal-fired sources played a dominant role during the 1980-2015 period,contributing a high proportion（87. 5%-99. 7%） to the total. The dominant sources of atmospheric Pb emissions have experienced historical variations.Coal-fired emissions became the major contributor（78. 2%-83. 5% of total） following omission of leaded gasoline from the Shanghai market since 1997. However,the rapid increase of gasoline consumption since 2005 has led to gasoline-fired emissions again becoming the main contributor（55. 5%-79. 1%）.

关 键 词：化石燃料 铅(Pb) 汞(Hg) 大气排放量 历史趋势 

分 类 号：X51[环境科学与工程—环境工程] X820.6