从生存理性到经济理性:农民垃圾处置行为的演变及其环境后果  

From Survival Rationality to Economic Rationality: The Evolution of Farmers ' Garbage Disposal Behavior and Its Environmental Impacts

作　　者：蒋培 

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院社会学研究所

出　　处：《鄱阳湖学刊》2018年第5期68-75,共8页Journal of Poyang Lake

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目"农业社会学的基本理论与前沿问题研究"(17ZDA113);国家社会科学基金项目"村民环境行为与农村面源污染研究"(12BSH021);2018年第63批中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2018M631668)

摘　　要：当前农村生活垃圾污染是一个严重的社会问题,农民垃圾处置行为的转变是其直接影响因素。在传统社会时期,由于外部环境条件的限制,农村社会形成了一个"有垃圾无废物"的社会系统。农民的生产生活行为遵循"生存理性",建立了生产—生活系统的循环,各类生活垃圾得到了有效处理。但随着改革开放与市场经济制度的建立,各类外来文化进入农村社会,农村社会逐渐演变为现代理性社会,农民的生产生活行为开始遵循"经济理性"。"经济理性"行为逻辑的运行与影响,使农民的垃圾处置行为也逐渐"经济理性化",农村生产—生活循环断裂。农村生活垃圾被直接丢弃、资源浪费的同时,造成了越来越严重的环境污染。从"生存理性"到"经济理性"的转变,本质上是一种文化的改变,形成了一种"片段理性"观念。克服这种经济理性的不足,则需要建立一种"整体理性"观念,实现从"经济理性"到"生态理性"的跨越。The current rural household garbage pollution is a serious social problem, and the change of farmers' garbage disposal behavior is its direct influencing factor. In the previous traditional society, due to the constraints of external environmental conditions, rural society had formed an "only garbage but no waste" social system. Farmers followed the "survival rationality" in their production and living behaviors and established a production-living cycling system in which all kinds of household garbage were effectively treated.However, with the establishment of reform and opening up and market economic system, all kinds of foreign cultures have entered rural society, and it has gradually evolved into a rational modern society where farmers production and living behaviors have begun to follow "economic rationality" instead. The operation and influence of the behavior logic of "economic rationality" has gradually changed the farmers' garbage disposal behavior into "economic rationalization" and the rural production-living cycle has broken. As the rural household garbage is directly discarded and resources are wasted, more and more serious environmental pollution arises. The transition from "survival rationality" to "economic rationality" is essentially a cultural change, forming a "fragment rationality" concept. To offset the negative effect of economic rationality,it is necessary to establish an "overall rationality" concept and march towards "ecological rationality" from"economic rationality".

关 键 词：生存理性 经济理性 农民垃圾处置行为 农村环境问题 

分 类 号：X705[环境科学与工程—环境工程]