旱区集雨种植方式对春小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响  

Effects of Rainfall Harvesting Planting on Grain Yield and Water Use Efficiency of Spring Wheat in Semi-arid Areas

作　　者：刘宏胜 吴兵[3] 高玉红[4] 崔红艳[5] 李映 牛俊义[4] 武江燕[2] 南炳江[6] LIU Hong-sheng;WU Bin;GAO Yu-hong;CUI Hong-yan;LI Ying;NIU Jun-yi;WU Jiang-yan;NAN Bing-jiang(WFP/AFAD Integrated Rural Development Project Office in Huining County,Huining,Gansu 730799,China;Agricultural Technology Promotion Center in Huining County of Gansu Province,Huining 730799,China;College of Life Sciences and Technology,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China;College of Agronomy,Gansu Agricultural University,Lanzhou 730070,China;Institute of Arid Agroeeology,School of Life Sciences,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China;Meteorological Bureau in Huining County of GansuProvince,Huining 730799,China)

机构地区：[1]会宁县WFP/IFAD农村综合发展项目办公室,甘肃会宁730799 [2]甘肃省会宁县农业技术推广中心,甘肃会宁730799 [3]甘肃农业大学生命科学技术学院,甘肃兰州730070 [4]甘肃农业大学农学院,甘肃兰州730070 [5]兰州大学生命科学学院,干旱农业生态研究所,甘肃兰州730070 [6]甘肃省会宁县气象局,甘肃会宁730799

出　　处：《土壤通报》2018年第4期862-868,共7页Chinese Journal of Soil Science

基　　金：甘肃省科技支撑计划项目(1604NKCA052-1); 甘肃省高等学校科学研究成果转化培育项目(2017D-12)资助

摘　　要：水分是限制西北黄土高原旱区春小麦增产的一大瓶颈,如何最大限度地挖掘有限降水的生产潜力,实现土壤水分的有效利用,是该区春小麦高产高效种植的关键所在。试验在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下,以露地穴播为对照,分析了3种不同集雨覆膜种植方式(全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播)对麦田耗水量、籽粒产量和水分利用效率的影响,旨在为促进春小麦增产和提高降水利用效率提供理论依据。结果表明,在春小麦全生育期,覆膜处理0~200 cm土壤贮水消耗量明显高于露地穴播处理53.35 mm,以全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理的土壤贮水消耗量最多,较对照处理显著增加了49.78%,而其他两种覆膜处理之间不存在显著差异。不同覆膜处理的春小麦总耗水量差别不明显,但显著高于对照处理5.23%。覆膜种植增加了春小麦抽穗至灌浆期阶段的耗水,此阶段的耗水量和耗水比例均最大,平均分别为124.49 mm和46.25%,而全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理在此阶段的耗水量最高,显著高于露地穴播处理21.33%。全膜平作覆土穴播、全膜垄沟覆土穴播和全膜平作无土穴播处理分别可使春小麦增产21.08%、21.92%和9.64%。3种覆膜栽培方式下以全膜平作覆土穴播处理的水分利用效率最高,其次为全膜垄沟覆土穴播处理,二者显著高于对照处理15.36%和13.24%,而全膜平作无土穴播处理的最低,与对照处理之间差异不显著。可见,全膜覆土穴播平作和垄作两种集雨覆膜栽培模式均可以实现旱地春小麦生产的高产高效,但还需要进一步筛选适合西北黄土高原旱区春小麦高产稳产的最佳种植模式。Water is a major bottleneck restricting the greater production of spring wheat in arid regions of the Loess Plateau, Northwest China. How to tap the potential productivity of limited precipitation to maximize extent and how to achieve efficient use of soil moisture was the key for high yield and high efficiency cultivation of spring wheat. The field experiment was carried out under the condition of semi-arid rain-fed in the Loess Plateau to analyze the influence of rainfall harvesting under different plastic film mulching（FFs, film mulching on flat and hole-sowing with field soil; FRs, film mulching on ridge and hole-sowing with field soil; FFn, film mulching on flat and hole-sowing without field soil） on water consumption, grain yield and water use efficiency, so as to provide a theoretical basis for high yield and precipitation use efficiency of spring wheat. The flat planting without film mulching was taken as the control（CK）. The results indicated that soil water storage consumptionat 0-200 cm depth under the plastic film mulching was 53.35 mm higher than that under CK in the whole growth period of spring wheat. The soil water consumption of FRs was the largest and increased by 49.78% in contrast to CK while there was no significant difference between the other two treatments. The total water consumption was 5.23% higher among different film mulching treatments than that in CK treatment. The water consumption from heading to grain filling stage of spring wheat was greatly improved underplastic film mulching, and the water consumption amount and its proportion to total water consumption during this stage was the most with 124.49 mm and 46.25%, respectively. However, the water consumption amount of FRs among three treatments in this period was the largest and obviously enhanced by 21.33%compared with CK. In addition, the grain yields of FFs, FRs and FFn were increased by 21.08%, 21.92% and 9.64%,respectively. The water use efficiency was the highest in FFs, followed by FRs, and the lowestin FFn. And it

关 键 词：覆膜集雨种植 春小麦 耗水量 籽粒产量 水分利用效率 

分 类 号：S512.01[农业科学—作物学]