采矿迹地生态恢复的探索与实践——大兴安岭古利库砂金矿废弃地生态修复为例  

Exploration and Practice of Ecological Restoration in Mined Land——A Case Study on Ecological Restoration of Guliku Abandoned Mine Land in Daxing'an Mountain

作　　者：刘延滨 王承义 Liu Yanbin;Wang Chengyi(Forestry Research Institute of Heilongjiang Province,Harbin,Heilongjiang 150081)

机构地区：[1]黑龙江省林业科学研究所,哈尔滨150081

出　　处：《中国林副特产》2018年第5期75-83,共9页Forest By-product and Speciality in China

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2016YFC0500308-02)

摘　　要：详细论述了生态系统恢复的定义和内涵,对被恢复生态系统的特征进行了详细说明;综述了生态恢复的关键技术,主要包括基质改良技术,植被重建和景观再造,生物多样性重现和生态功能持续。以大兴安岭古利库砂金矿废弃地生态修复为例探索了生态恢复的途径和方法。首先是调查和评价立地条件,有针对性的开展生态恢复工作。接着根据采矿迹地土壤沙砾含量高,蓄水保墒能力差,土壤肥力低和轻度重金属污染的状况,分别使用了保水剂提高土壤蓄水能力,粉煤灰降低重金属污染,食用菌废料增加土壤有机质含量的方法改善土壤基质,同时还接种外生菌根菌提高植物的抗性。通过植物筛选和群落优化配置研究筛选出兴安落叶松和樟子松这两种适合采矿迹地生态恢复的乡土树种,3种适合古利库砂金矿废弃地的生态修复的最优植被恢复模式,分别是采矿迹地生态林植被恢复模式、采矿迹地经济林植被恢复模式和采矿迹地近自然植被恢复模式。最后对采矿迹地生态恢复的未来研究和发展进行了展望。This paper discussed the definition and connotation of ecosystem restoration,and its features were described in detail;the key technology of ecological restoration are reviewed,mainly including soil improvement technology,vegetation restoration and landscape reconstruction,biodiversity and ecological function sustainability.Taking Guliku gold abandoned land in Daxing＇an Mountain as an example,we studied the ecological method.Firstly,it was the investigation and evaluation of site conditions for ecological restoration work.Secondly,according to the sand content,soil water holding capacity,soil fertility and heavy metal pollution,we used water absorbant to improve soil water storage capacity,fly ash to reduce the pollution of heavy metals,edible fungi scrap to increase soil organic matter content and improve soil matrix,but also improve the resistance of plants inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungi.Lastly,two native tree species were suitable for the restoration of mining land by the plant selection and the optimization of the ecological community,it were Larix gmelinii and Pinus sylvestris.The results showed the three patterns were suitable for the vegetation restoration in Guliku abandoned gold land,the ecological forest vegetation restoration model,the economic forest vegetation restoration model and the near natural vegetation restoration model,respectively.Future research and development of mining land ecological restoration finally prospected.

关 键 词：矿区废弃地 生态修复 生态恢复 复垦 恢复植被 

分 类 号：S718.57[农业科学—林学]