The Fourth Meaning in Life： With a Discussion of What Viktor E.Frankl Calls Meaning  

作　　者：Kenjiro Uemura 

机构地区：[1]The Open University of Japan

出　　处：《Journal of Philosophy Study》2018年第6期288-297,共10页哲学研究（英文版）

摘　　要：The purpose of this paper is, first of all, to show what V. E. Frankl calls meanings rooted in three values： creativevalues, experiential values, and attitudinal values. Creative values are what one finds by creating a work or doing adeed. Experiential values are realized by experiencing something or encountering someone. Attitudinal values arewhat a person discovers by the attitude she/he takes toward unavoidable suffering. The author points out that thesethree kinds of values have something in common： connectedness or relationship. Creative values （e.g., an artisticmasterpiece） show the worker＇s connectedness with the work accomplished. Experiential values also stand for therelationship between, say, a person and natural beauty. Frankl describes a person＇s attitudinal values by stating ＂Hemay turn a personal tragedy into a triumph.＂ In short, we can say that attitudinal values indicate relationshipbetween the sufferer and suffering itself. The author states the core of Frankl＇s three values is the aforementionedconnectedness or relationship. In other words, what Frankl calls meanings indicates manifestation of connectednessor relationship in the form of creations, experiences, and attitudes. However, in this paper, the author insists thateven if Frankl＇s three kinds of values are not realized, there is another value to realize beyond Frankl＇s three kindsof values, which is coexistence. Within this context, Frankl fails to mention cases where one cannot find meaning inlife by a deed or work they does, an experience they encounter, or an attitude they takes in the midst of suffering.The three types of meanings in life need a skill, a chance, and/or ego-strength. We can discover meaning in life justby being together, and the author proposes the fourth meaning in life, or coexistent values. It can be defined as＂values realized by having meaningful relationships or togetherness with others.＂ Careful analysis of Frankl＇writings shows connectedness aspects of logotherapy, in addition to mea

关 键 词：Viktor E. Frankl creative values experiential values attitudinal values coexistent values LOGOTHERAPY 

分 类 号：B-4[哲学宗教]