宋代工匠的文化水平  

Literacy Level for Craftsman in Song Dynasty

作　　者：程民生[1] CHENG Min-sheng(School of History and Culture,Henan University,Kaifeng 475001,Henan)

机构地区：[1]河南大学历史文化学院,河南开封475001

出　　处：《厦门大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2018年第5期102-111,共10页Journal of Xiamen University(A Bimonthly for Studies in Arts & Social Sciences)

摘　　要：宋代手工业获得巨大发展,得益于千千万万的工匠,他们的文化水平远高于农民,有着较高识字率。无论官方还是民间,在产品规范及责任诸方面都对工匠的文化水平提出要求,实行"勒名制"。诸多手工业门类文化含量高,要求从业者必须具备一定的文化水平。最具代表性的是与文字打交道的行业,工匠都识字。其他行业也颇多工匠识字的记载,还有技术专著传世。宋代工匠为社会经济、军事、科技和文化事业作出了诸多影响深远的贡献,造福人类,典型如四大发明中有三项是在宋代完善出现的,无疑都是工匠的贡献。与士大夫的精神文化不同,宋代工匠侧重于物质文化,其文化知识侧重于实用,并直接转化为生产力,与社会生活息息相关,不可忽视。Benefited from thousands of craftsmen＇s efforts,the handicraft industry was prosperously developed in Song dynasty. Compared to farmers,craftsmen had high levels and rates of literacy. The system of marking name（ 勒名制） was well implemented during the song dynasty,which indicated there were literacy requirements for craftsmen on product specification and responsibilities both in official and folk sectors. Especially for those categories of industry full of culture contents,they basically required their workers had certain literacy. Most representative industries were those closely related to words,their craftsmen were almost all literary. Besides,workers in other industries were also partially literacy and there were even technical monographs handed down from ancient times. Craftsmen in Song dynasty had made enormous contribution to the society from aspects of economy,military,technology and culture. Representatively,three of the four great inventions were created under the Song,which greatly proved the craftsman＇s dedication. Different from literati＇s spiritual culture,the craftsman more focused on material culture. By emphasizing practicability,they tried to transform the knowledge into productivity,which was closely linked with life and can not be ignored.

关 键 词：宋代 工匠 文化水平 识字率 

分 类 号：K244[历史地理—历史学]