国际水法上的利益共同体理论:理想与现实之间  

On the Theory of Community of Interests in International Water Law:Gap between the Ideal and Reality

作　　者：胡德胜 Hu De-sheng(Law School of Chongqing University,Chongqing 40004)

机构地区：[1]重庆大学法学院,重庆400044

出　　处：《政法论丛》2018年第5期34-51,共18页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"跨界地表水资源的法律与政策研究"(11BFX065)的阶段性成果

摘　　要：国际水法上的利益共同体理论可追溯到罗马法的人法物中的共用物法。早期的沿岸国利益共同体理论的雏形出现于18世纪,在1929年奥得河国际委员会领土管辖权一案中第一次得到了司法上的释明。当代的流域国利益共同体理论乃至被认为是"当今世界形势下最有益、最理想的理论",1997年联合国《国际水道法公约》则被国际法院认为是它得到强化的证据。考察利益共同体理论的产生和发展,探究其理论基础,分析其在国际实践中的运用,可以发现,其所涉跨国河流/流域共同事项的范围不断扩大,特别是流域国利益共同体理论试图将基于水的几乎所有流域共同事项都纳入国际法的调整范围。从自然科学的角度而言,它具有坚实的水文水资源学、环境科学和生态学基础。就管理科学的视角来说,在管理对象、管理措施和手段以及经济合理性方面,它并不完全可行。在国际关系的维度上,流域国利益共同体理论没有正确对待决定国际法内容和实施的国家主权、国际政治等关键因素的最终作用或者影响。对这一国际水法理论当代内涵和外延的不同视角的科学评价,以及当今并不存在一项、也没有流域国家考虑签订一项基于流域整体生态服务系统功能来谈判分担分配、分享惠益的国际条约的客观事实,都告诫人们:理论上的理想在国际现实中的实现必须注重立足于国家主权,应该循序渐进地扩大规则调整的流域共同事项,需要在规则上多些弹性、少些强制。The theory of community of interests in international water law can be traced back to rules on res communes （ one of categories of extra patrimonium humani iuris） in Roman law. In 18th century the prototype of its early stage riparian theory of community of interests emerged, and in 1929 was given an international judicial expla- nation by PCIJ in Territorial Jurisdiction of the International Commission of the River Oder Case. The modern basin- oriented theory of community of interests even is regarded as ＂the most beneficial and optimal theory＂. The UN Con- vention on Law of Non-Navigational Uses of International Watercourses has been considered by the ICJ in 1997 as an evidence of strengthening the theory of community of interests concerning international rivers. After investigating its e- mergence and evolution, exploring its theoretical basis and analysing its deployment in international practice, it seems that the scope for this theory＇ s application has been extending constantly, and evaluation on its contemporary connotation and extension should be conducted from different aspects. From the perspective of natural science, it has solid foundation in terms of sciences of hydrology and water resources, the environment as well as ecosystem. From the perspective of science of management, in terms of management object, measures and instruments as well as eco- nomic rationality, it is not feasible in all aspects to some extent. From the latitude of international relations, it does not correctly deal with the key factors such as State sovereignty and international politics which always play the decis- ive role or vital impacts on both the content and implementation of international law. From these evaluations, together with the fact that no practice following the basin-oriented theory of community of interests exists in reality, tells us a theoretical ideal in the reality of international community has to be state sovereignty oriented, the scope of regulated basin common issues in international water law

关 键 词：国际河流 利益共同体理论 《国际水道法公约》 

分 类 号：DF933[政治法律—国际法学]