宁波方言的指示词  

Demonstratives in the Ningbo Dialect

作　　者：胡方[1] HU Fang(Institute of Linguistics,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,5 Jianguomennei Dajie,Dongcheng District,Beijing 100732)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院语言研究所

出　　处：《当代语言学》2018年第4期516-524,共9页Contemporary Linguistics

摘　　要：本文对吴语宁波方言的指示词做一个初步的形式与功能描写:词根与语源、基本的语义、句法特点。宁波方言的指示词看似二分,"堂"表近指,"该"表远指,但事实上并非如此。本文试图论证,"该"是宁波方言首先出现的指示功能词,是不区分远近的中性指示词;远近区别是后起的,因此,"堂"在形式与功能上更受限制。Demonstratives are universal in the world＇s languages, as they serve to coordinate the interlocutors＇ joint attention, one of the most fundamental functions in language （ Diessel 2006）. Demonstratives are usually distance-marked, and make at least a two-way distinction between proximal and distal expressions in terms of the deictic center （Lti 1990; Diessel 1999）. However, there are reports that demonstratives could be distance-neutral in a few languages （ Diessel 1999; Chen 2007）. This paper describes demonstratives in Ningbo, a Wu dialect, and points out that the proximal demonstratives of d-/t-series are a late development, while the k-series demonstratives in Ningbo are distanee-neutral. It seems that demonstratives in Ningbo distinguish in proximal versus distal expressions by using a d-/t-series versus a k-series items. But the fact is that the k-series demonstratives are actually distanee-neutral, and they have a distal reading only when they are pragmatically focused and/or co-occur with their d-/t-series counterparts. It is argued that the neutral, i.e. k-series demonstratives, whieh emerged from the grammaticalization of the classifier ge /~＇, are fundamental forms, whereas the proximal, i.e. d-/t-series demonstratives are late developments from the grammaticalization of location-related expressions. Therefore, the proximal demonstratives are more restricted both in form and in function than natural demonstratives in Ningbo. For instance, [ kiI？5] can be used as demonstrative pronoun ＇ this/that＇ , but [ dЗ22] cannot. Rather, [ dЗ33] have to co-occur with a classifier/quantifier. This paper describes the essential aspects of the syntax and semantics of demonstratives in Ningbo and concludes that the demonstratives show a proximal versus neutral, rather than a proximal versus distal distinction in Ningbo.

关 键 词：指示词 近指 远指 中性指示 

分 类 号：H173[语言文字—汉语]