施肥模式对温室番茄生长和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响  

Effects of Different Fertilizations on Spatiotemporal Nitrate Distribution in Soil and Yield of Greenhouse Tomato

作　　者：王激清[1] 李占台 刘社平[1] WANG Jiqing;LI Zhantai;LIU Sheping(College of Agriculture and Forestry/Soil and Environment Bioremediation Research Center,Hebei North University,Zhangjiakou 075000,China)

机构地区：[1]河北北方学院农林科技学院/土壤与环境生物修复研究中心,河北张家口075000

出　　处：《灌溉排水学报》2018年第11期31-36,共6页Journal of Irrigation and Drainage

基　　金：农业部优势农产品重大技术推广项目(54-01);河北省科学技术研究与发展计划项目(14227001D-1)

摘　　要：【目的】寻求保证番茄产量和减少硝态氮淋失的最佳施肥模式。【方法】采用温室小区试验,设农户习惯施肥、优化施肥、70%氮肥优化施肥、70%氮肥优化施肥+地福来生物肥、不施氮肥共5个处理,研究了施肥模式对温室番茄生长和土壤硝态氮时空分布的影响。【结果】与农户习惯施肥(含N量320 kg/hm^2,含P_2O_5量200 kg/hm^2,含K_2O量320 kg/hm^2)处理相比,70%氮肥优化施肥+地福来生物肥(含N量168 kg/hm^2,含P_2O_5量120 kg/hm^2,含K_2O量240 kg/hm^2,番茄定植前土壤灌溉6 L/hm^2地福来生物肥)处理能增加番茄的株高和茎粗,并可增加番茄产量12.7%。农户习惯施肥处理在第1穗果膨大期60～80 cm土层和拉秧后80～100 cm土层出现硝态氮累积峰,硝态氮量分别为61.4、46.5 mg/kg,显著高于其他处理(P<0.05);和农户习惯施肥相比,70%氮肥优化施肥+地福来生物肥处理番茄开花初期和第1穗果膨大期0～100 cm硝态氮累积总量减少47.9、70.1 kg/hm^2,拉秧后60～100 cm土层硝态氮累积量减少35.6%。【结论】温室番茄在氮肥减量优化施用(含N量168 kg/hm^2,含P_2O_5量120 kg/hm^2,含K_2O量240 kg/hm^2)的基础上配施地福来生物肥(定植前土壤灌溉6 L/hm^2)是协调高产与环境保护较好的技术选择。[Objective] Reducing fertilizer application has been mandated in agricultural production in China and the objective of this paper is to explore optimal fertilization for greenhouse tomato by increasing the fruit yield while in the meantime reducing nitrate leaching. [Method] Plot experiments were conducted in a greenhouse to investigate the growth of tomato and the spatiotemporal distribution of nitrate in soil. We considered five fertilizer applications： traditional fertilization used by farmer （T 1）, optimal fertilization （T2）, 70% of N used in the opti- mal fertilization （T3）, 70% of N used in the optimal fertilization plus application of the Difulai biological fertiliz- er （T4）, no N. [Result] Compared to T1 （N 320 kg/hm^2, P2O5 200 kg/hm^2, K20 320 kg/hm^2）, T4 （N 168 kg/hrn2, P205 120 kg/hm：, 1〈220 240 kg/hm^2, Difulai biological fertilizer 6 L/hm^2） increased the plant height and the stem di- ameter, leading to an increase in yield by 12.7%. In T1, the concentration of NO3 in soil peaked in 60-80 cm when the tomato was at the first ear fruit expansion stage and in the depth of 80-100 cm after harvest. The nitrate content associated with the two stages was 61.4 mg/kg and 46.5 mg/kg respectively, considerably higher than that in other treatments. Compared with T1, T4 reduced the nitrate in 0-100 cm by 47.9 kg/hm^2 and 70.1 kg/hm^2 at early blooming and the first ear fruit expansion respectively, and reduced 35.6% of nitrate in 60-100 cm soil after harvest. [Conclusion] Using 70% of N used in the optimal fertilization （N 168 kg/hm^2, P205 120 kg/hm^2, K20 240 kg/hm^2） plus Difulai biological fertilizer （6 L/hrn：） is the most effective for achieving high yield and reducing nitrate leaching in greenhouse tomato production.

关 键 词：温室 番茄 产量 土壤硝态氮 淋溶 

分 类 号：S641.2[农业科学—蔬菜学] S606[农业科学—园艺学]