技术决定论的现代性透视:源起、脉络及反思  

Rethinking Technological Determinism from the Perspective of Modernity:Its Origin and Development

作　　者：黄晓伟 张成岗 HUANG Xiao-wei;ZHANG Cheng-gang(School of Marxism,Tianjin University,Tianjin 300350;School of Social Sciences,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]天津大学马克思主义学院,天津300350 [2]清华大学社会科学学院,北京100084

出　　处：《自然辩证法研究》2018年第11期27-32,共6页Studies in Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目"‘后经验转向’时代的技术伦理规约机制及模式研究"(13BZX024);北京社会科学基金项目"风险治理中专家信任构建路径及机制研究"(15ZXB015);天津大学自主创新基金项目"我国转型期新兴技术风险治理的社会信任机制研究"(2018XSC-0043)

摘　　要：在技术社会学视野中,技术决定论由社会的技术决定命题和技术的自我决定命题构成。马克思的技术决定论者形象主要是20世纪上半叶马克思主义在美国化过程中的观念误构,这源于决定论思维对辩证法思维的挑战、现代性的技术逻辑对资本逻辑的替代以及意识形态论争对学术论争的干扰。技术决定论历史困境的实质是将技术系统从社会系统中抽离而出的本质主义困境,具体表现为技术工具化假定或技术实体化预设。与境论纲领和早期社会建构论侧重批判技术的自我决定命题,技术编史学与后建构论深入反思了社会的技术决定命题。由此,技术与社会之间的相互建构论立场有助于超越当代对各类技术决定论的迷思。In the sociology of technology,Technological Determinism（ TD） consists of two theses： the technological determinism of society thesis and the self-determination of technology one. The notion of Marx as a technological determinist was mainly misinterpreted in the Americanization of Marxism on the first half of 20 th century,because of the following reasons： firstly,the determinist way of thinking has posed a huge challenge to the dialectic one;secondly,the technological logic of modernity has replaced the capital one; thirdly,the ideological disputes have disturbed the academic ones. The actual dilemma of TD is that of essentialism,that is,instrumentalism or substantialism of technology,which tries to disembed the technological systems from the social system. The Contextualism approach and early social constructivism of technology mainly criticize the self-determination of technology thesis,while the historiography of technology and postconstructivist trends further reconsider the technological determinism of society thesis. Therefore,the co-construction theory between technology and society is beneficial for going beyond all kinds of current myths on TD.

关 键 词：技术决定论 现代性 马克思主义 本质主义困境 

分 类 号：N031[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]