比较与诠释视野下的墨家逻辑思想探视  

A Probe into Mohist Logic from the Perspective of Comparison and Interpretation

作　　者：杨武金[1] YANG Wujin(School of Philosophy,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872)

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学哲学院

出　　处：《中国人民大学学报》2018年第6期42-52,共11页Journal of Renmin University of China

基　　金：贵州省2017年度哲学社会科学规划国学单列课题(17GZGX18)

摘　　要：墨家逻辑研究自梁启超、胡适、章太炎以来,比较与诠释一直都是重要的研究方法。墨家逻辑研究应该从三个结合点上来进行:第一,对象逻辑与元逻辑研究相结合;第二,逻辑理论与逻辑应用研究相结合;第三,形式逻辑与非形式逻辑研究相结合。墨家逻辑的最终目标是要"处利害,决嫌疑",要完成这个任务,最为根本地就是要明是非之分,而为了达成这个主题,还需要察名实之理,明同异之处。明同异之处的关键就是要在推理论证的过程中坚持类同类异原则。正是在这个原则的基础上,墨家提出了故、理、类"三物"逻辑思想。关于具体可以采用什么样的方法来进行论证,墨家总结出来了"譬""侔""援""推"等具体论式。关于如何处理"异法"即具有复杂性问题的方法,墨家提出了"两而勿偏"等权衡是非利害的辩证思维方法,这在本质上与现代逻辑中的道义逻辑等相通。Since Mohist Logic was studied by Liang Qichao, Hu bhl, Zhang laayan and etc., bOth comparison and interpretation have become important research methods. On the basis of achievement of the predecessors, this essay holds that we should study Mohist logic from three aspects by comparing western logic with modern logical theory. Firstly, the study of object logic and metalogic about Mo- hist logic must be combined. Secondly, the study of logical theory and logical application about Mo- hist logic must be combined. Thirdly, the study of formal logic and informal logic about Mohist log- ic must be combined. By exploring the above three aspects, this paper holds that the ultimate object of Mohist logic is to resolve confusion and doubts by settling the beneficial and the harmful, and to- wards this aim, we must also discern the patterns of names and objects, and clarify the sameness and difference. The key of clarifying points of sameness and difference lies in insisting on the princi- ple of differentiating the same and different classes in the reasoning or arguing process. On the basis of this principle, Mohism proposed the logical thought of ＂Threes Things＂ about ＂Cause＂, ＂Rea- son＂ and ＂Classes＂. Mohism proposed the specific argument forms of ＂Comparing＂, ＂Equating＂, ＂Drawing an analogy＂, ＂Inferring＂ and so forth on the argument methods. Mohism also proposed the dialectical thinking methods of judging and weighing right and wrong of ＂Two and not Partial＂ about how we should handle different standards. These dialectical thinking methods are the connec- tion with deontic logic in modern logic.

关 键 词：墨家逻辑 比较与诠释 对象逻辑与元逻辑 逻辑理论与逻辑应用 形式逻辑与非形式逻辑 

分 类 号：B81-092[哲学宗教—逻辑学]