法国科学哲学中的划界问题——以巴什拉、康吉莱姆、拉图尔为例  

Demarcation Issue in French Philosophy of Science——From the Perspective of Bachelard,Canguilhem and Latour

作　　者：刘鹏[1] LIU Peng(Department of Philosophy,Nanfing University,Nanjing 210023,China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学哲学系,南京210023

出　　处：《科学技术哲学研究》2018年第6期38-43,共6页Studies in Philosophy of Science and Technology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目"科学实践哲学与地方性知识研究"(13AZD026)

摘　　要：与英美科学哲学主要将科学划界视为一个逻辑问题进而消解了科学的历史性内涵不同,法国科学哲学家的划界理论带有强烈的历史主义特征。巴什拉基于认识论的断裂,在坚持辉格史观的前提下,将科学的真理性内涵与历史性特征结合起来;康吉莱姆基于对科学概念史的考察,通过科学意识形态概念,弱化了巴什拉在科学与非科学之间的确定性边界;拉图尔则将法国的科学思想史进路改造为了科学实践史,从而在地方性知识的基础之上,将划界问题的讨论范围从认识论扩展到了本体论。巴什拉、康吉莱姆、拉图尔的划界工作充分体现了法国科学哲学的历史认识论和局域认识论传统。Different from the analytic approach which considers demarcation as a logical issue and then dispels the historical dimension from science,French philosophers construed demarcation problem in a historical way. Employing the notion of epistemological rupture from the perspective of whiggish historiography,Bachelard figured out a justification for science as truth in a historical manner. However,Canguilhem highlighted the concepts in the history of science,proposed a new stance known as scientific ideology,and eventually alleviated the definite distinction between science and non-science,which was cherished by Bachelard. Latour substituted history of practice for history of ideas and,hence,distanced himself far away from epistemology. Consequently,the philosophical recognition of local knowledge leaded Latour to reconceptualize demarcation problem as an ontological issue. What underlay their work on demarcation issue was the French tradition of historical and regional epistemology.

关 键 词：科学划界 巴什拉 康吉莱姆 拉图尔 

分 类 号：N02[自然科学总论—科学技术哲学]