从“新浪漫主义转向”到“后启蒙”时代——改革开放40年中国文艺观的嬗变  

Turn of Neo-romanticism and Era of Post-enlightenment:Vicissitudes of Trends of Literature and Art in China in 40 Years of Reform and Opening up

作　　者：金永兵[1] 王佳明 Jin Yongbing;Wang Jiaming(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Peking University,Beijing 100871,China)

机构地区：[1]北京大学中文系,北京100871

出　　处：《长江学术》2018年第4期33-53,共21页Yangtze River Academic

基　　金：国家社科基金项目"‘中国问题’与‘中国经验’--新时期文艺理论研究"(12BZW001)

摘　　要：近40年来,中国文艺观和文艺理论结构的转换,若以1992年市场经济正式确立为时间节点,大致经历了两个主要阶段,其一是强调审美自由的"新浪漫主义转向",其二是"后启蒙"时代对自律化的现代性批判。在我国1980年代的语境下,"审美"更接近于浪漫主义而非启蒙主义,它诞生于对以"阶级论"为核心的政治理性的反抗之中,试图以具体的"审美自由"来反拨抽象的"政治自由"。它既呼应同时也批判着政治上以"去政治化"的形式对"物质欲望"的肯定。政治上对物质的肯定,可以说是一种"新启蒙",它并非强调人类感性的全面性,而是以对马克思主义的"物质实践"理论进行再阐释的方式肯定了世俗物质利益积累的合法性。1992年以后的"后启蒙"时代,抽象的"商品理性"逐渐取代了具体的"物质欲望",物质需求中价值的具体性日益被抽象成了交换价值。此时文艺观中出现了两种新变:其一是一种意图在现代性话语内部通过强调"传统性""中国性"等新核心价值来重塑价值观的尝试;其二是针对"后启蒙"时代产生的两种自律化倾向——文学试图通过市场化,远离政治干预,在商品理性中形成的自律;出于批判商品理性的目的,作家和文艺理论家对"文学性"的自律性坚守——所做的批判,这两种自律性话语模式都是现代性发展到极端的表现,"新左派"的译介、文化研究和后现代话语等新兴话语模式通过对话语自律化和价值自律化的反拨,试图为"后启蒙"时期的现代性困境寻找对策。Transformations of theoretical structure of trends of Chinese contemporary literature and art contain two main stages, with the official establishment of market economy system in 1992 as the watershed. One can be defined as Turn of Neo-romanticism, the core of which is the notion of aesthetic freedom; The other can be defined as the Era of Post-enlightenment focusing on the criticizing the tendency of autonomy in the light of modernity. In the context of 1980s in China, aesthetical discourses, opposed to the political rationality centered on theories of class,, interacting with the affirmation of materialistic desire in the form of de-politicization in politic dimension while criticizing it, is not so much Romanticism as Enlightenment, for the essence of this aesthetics is redressing the abstract political freedom with specific aesthetic freedom. The political affirmation of matter, meanwhile, should be some interpretation of so-called Neo-enlightenment, since it is the legitimization of the accumulation of material interests by reinterpreting the Marxist material practice, but not leading to the comprehensiveness of human sensibility. The replacement of concrete material desire with abstract business rationality characterizes Post-enlightenment, during which the concreteness of material demand is generalized into exchange value thoroughly. In the procedure of Post-enlightenment, two variations appear within the trends of literature and art, one of which is the attempt to reshape the core of value system by bringing up new concepts of modernity such as ＂traditioness＂ and ＂Chineseness＂, and the other of which includes two autonomous tendencies. Both tendencies are extremes of modernity, namely, the marketization of literature formed with commercial rationality in order to keep distance from political interruptions, and the persistence of literary qualities as an autonomous discourse criticizing commercial rationality. As critical schools of the extremes, newly rising modes of discourses such as New Left, c

关 键 词：新浪漫主义 新启蒙 后启蒙 新现代性 文艺观 

分 类 号：I206.7[文学—中国文学]