元大都城市中轴线研究--兼论中心台与独树将军的位置  

RESEARCH ON THE CENTRAL AXIS AND LOCATION OF THE CENTRAL TERRACE AND THE SACRED TREE OF CAPITAL CITY DADU(KHANBALIQ) IN THE YUAN DYNASTY

作　　者：武廷海[1,2,3] 王学荣 叶亚乐[1] WU Tinghai;WANG Xuerong;YE Yale

机构地区：[1]清华大学建筑学院 [2]中国城市规划学会规划历史与理论学术委员会 [3]中国城市规划学会学术工作委员会 [4]中国社会科学院考古研究所

出　　处：《城市规划》2018年第10期63-76,85,共15页City Planning Review

摘　　要：《北京城市总体规划(2016年-2035年)》要求保护"传统中轴线",结合申遗工作,加强钟鼓楼、玉河、景山、天桥等重点地区综合整治,保护中轴线传统风貌特色。保护传统中轴线不可回避的问题是,元大都城市中轴线何在?与大内轴线是什么关系?与明清北京城市中轴线是什么关系?研究注意到,元大都设置了"中心台"作为都城规划设计的一个基本控制点,中心台是全城的中心点,位于都城中轴线上,因此可以通过确定中心台的位置来探索城市中轴线。根据文献记载发现中心台位于今鼓楼(元代齐政楼)之东,运用"参望"之法复原刘秉忠基于地理形势确定中心台的过程,限定了中心台的分布区间,并结合实地探勘与古图比对,基本锁定了元大都中心台的具体位置,确定了城市中轴线的方向,揭示了元大都城市中轴线与大内轴线并不重合,因而也不与明清北京城市中轴线重合的真相。对于元大都城市中轴线及中心台的研究,为积极推进中轴线申遗工作及保护传统中轴线和加强老城整体保护,提供了历史的、科学的基础。Beijing City Master Plan （2016 - 2035） requires protecting the traditional central axis and its traditional features by strengthening the comprehensive improvement, combined with the application for the World Heritage List, of key areas, such as Bell Tower and Drum Tower, Yuhe River, Jingshan, and Tianqiao. To achieve these aims, the primary questions that have to be addressed are where the central axis of Dadu of the Yuan Dynasty was and what relationship it had with that of the palace of the Yuan Dynasty, as well as that of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.It is noted that the planners of Dadu set the central terrace as a basic control point for planning and design, which was at the central point and on the central axis of the capital city. Therefore, the central axis of the capital can be probed into by figuring out the position of the central terrace. This paper first of all finds that the central terrace was located to the east of today＇s Drum Tower （named Qizheng Tower in the Yuan Dynasty） based on relevant literature. Then using the method of Collineation Measurement, the paper restores the process of Liu Bingzhong determining the central terrace based on the geographical condition, and delimits the possible area where the central terrace was located in. Furthermore, combined with site exploration and ancient maps, it basically identifies the exact position of the central terrace and finally confirms the direction of the central axis of Dadu in the Yuan Dynasty, revealing the fact that the central axis of Dadu coincides neither with that of the Forbidden City in the Yuan Dynasty nor with that of Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In brief, this research provides a reliable historical basis for actively promoting the central axis applying for the World Heritage List, protecting the traditional central axis, and strengthening the overall conservation of the old city.

关 键 词：中轴线 元大都 中心台 刘秉忠 参望 

分 类 号：TU-092[建筑科学—建筑理论]