潮土区29年来土壤肥力和作物产量演变特征  

Characteristics of soil fertility and crop yield evolution in fluvo-aquic soil area in the past 29 years

作　　者：王乐 张淑香[1] 马常宝[2] 李春花[1] WANG Le;ZHANG Shu-xiang;MA Chang-bao;LI Chun-hua(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / National Engineering Laboratory for Cultivated Land Technology,Beijing 100081,China;National Agricultural Technology Extension Service Center,Beijing 100026,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京100081 [2]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100026

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第6期1435-1444,共10页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0503805);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503120);中央公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项(1610132018050)资助

摘　　要：【目的】潮土是我国重要的农业土壤,是小麦和玉米的主产区。本研究对29年来全国潮土长期定位试验监测的数据进行了分析,明确了潮土区土壤养分状况、肥力水平以及产量变化特征,为潮土区的养分管理和合理施肥提供科学依据。【方法】基于分布在我国12个省、市、自治区的51个潮土肥力长期监测基地,整理分析了潮土29年来5个肥力指标(有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾、p H)以及作物产量随监测年限的变化。监测期10～29年,监测区种植的作物主要为小麦和玉米,种植方式包括小麦-玉米、冬小麦-夏玉米、春小麦-夏玉米轮作。本研究将监测时间分为监测初期(1988—1997年)、监测中期(1998—2003年)和监测后期(2004—2016年)三个阶段,并进行了三个监测时期各肥力指标和产量平均值的比较,运用主成分分析法分析了土壤综合肥力的主要贡献因子。【结果】潮土有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量整体呈上升趋势,而pH呈下降趋势。土壤有机质和全氮从监测初期到监测中期分别显著提升了47.1%、37.8%,中期到后期提升未达到显著水平;土壤有效磷从监测初期到监测后期逐步提升226%,监测初期与后期差异显著;土壤速效钾从监测初期到中期略有下降,监测中期到后期显著提升了30.4%;土壤pH呈下降趋势,尤其从监测中期的8.14到监测后期的7.78;潮土区常规施肥下小麦和玉米产量的变化随时间呈现出明显上升的趋势,监测中期小麦的平均产量比监测初期显著增加了87.6%,监测中期与后期产量差异不显著;玉米的平均产量从监测初期到监测中期显著提升了111%。主成分分析结果表明,潮土区土壤全氮和有机质是潮土综合肥力的主要影响因素。【结论】经过10～29年的常规施肥,潮土区土壤的单一肥力、综合肥力以及作物产量先后都得到了显著提高,虽然pH有明显降低。土壤综合肥�[ Objectives ] Fluvo-aquic soil is one of the most important agricultural soils in China and is mainly distributed in the producing area for wheat and corn. This study analyzed the evolution of soil nutrient contents, fertility and yield of the fluvo-aquic soils in the past 29 years, providing support for the scientific nutrient management and rational fertilization in fluvo-aquic soil in the future. [ Methods ] There are total of 51 long- term localized monitoring bases for fluvo-aquic soil fertility, distributed in 12 provinces （cities, or autonomous regions） of China. The monitoring period lasted from 10 to 29 years, depending on the establishing time of the bases. The planting methods in the bases included winter wheat-summer maize, spring wheat-summer maize. In this study, the monitoring time was divided into initial monitoring period （1988-1997）, middle monitoring period（1998-2003） and recent monitoring period （2004-2016）. The time dependent changes of soil fertility indexes （organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium and pH） and crop yields were analyzed, and the average values of the three monitoring periods were statistically compared. The principal component analysis method was used to search the main indicators for the comprehensive fertility of fluvo-aquic soil. [ Results ] Durring the 29 years round, the contents of organic matter, total N, available P and available K in fluvo-aquic soils showed an overall upward trend, while pH showed a downward trend. The average contents of soil organic matter and total N were significantly increased by 47.1% and 37.8% from the initial to the middle periods of monitoring, and not increased significantly from the middle to percent periods. The average available P was steadily increased by 226% from the initial period to present. The average readily available K contents showed slightly decrease trend in the initial period, and significantly increased by 30.4% from the middle period to present. The soil pH showed a

关 键 词：潮土 常规施肥 不施肥 土壤养分 长期监测 小麦 玉米 产量 

分 类 号：S158.3[农业科学—土壤学]