长期施肥下褐土生产力的演变及其影响因素  

Evolution of cinnamon soil productivity and the main influencing factors under long-term fertilization

作　　者：陈延华 王乐[1] 张淑香 任意[3] 李春花[1] 徐明岗[1] 赵同科[2] CHEN Yan-hua;WANG Le;ZHANG Shu-xiang;REN Yi;LI Chun-hua;XU Ming-gang;ZHAO Tong-ke(Institute of Agricultural Resource and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Beifing 100081,China;Institute of Plant Nutrition and Resources,Beifing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences,Beifing 100097,China;The Center of Extending and Service of Agricultural Technique in China,Beijing 100026,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所,北京100081 [2]北京市农林科学院植物营养与资源研究所,北京100097 [3]全国农业技术推广服务中心,北京100026

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第6期1445-1455,共11页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2017YFC0503805);国家公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201503120);北京市农林科学院青年基金项目(QNJJ 201613)资助

摘　　要：【目的】土壤生产力提升和稳定是农业可持续发展的基础。研究过去30年间常规施肥条件下,褐土生产力的变化,厘清影响褐土生产力水平的主要因素,为褐土的培肥改良和生产力提升提供理论依据。【方法】基于全国28个长期定位试验点的褐土定位试验,分析了29年(1988—2016)不施肥和常规施肥两个处理的土壤肥力指标,并运用主成分分析方法分析了地力和施肥因素对产量的影响。【结果】1)不施肥处理小麦和玉米产量均为先降低后缓慢升高,均值分别为3175和4056 kg/hm^2;常规施肥处理小麦产量逐渐升高,玉米产量趋于平稳,均值分别为6124和7432 kg/hm^2;小麦和玉米的增产量先升高后降低,均值分别为2901和3429 kg/hm^2。施肥提高了作物产量的可持续性指数(SYI),小麦和玉米SYI值分别为0.57和0.54,分别提高了54.82%和52.49%;降低了变异系数(CV),小麦和玉米分别降低了44.70%和40.77%。2)褐土区小麦季和玉米季地力贡献率分别为53.0%和54.2%,变异系数分别为41.2%和37.6%。肥料总量的农学效率,小麦先升高后降低,均值为6.36 kg/kg,玉米先降低后趋于平稳,均值为13.89 kg/kg。氮肥农学效率随施肥年数增加而降低。3)主成分分析结果表明,影响小麦产量的5个主成分的累积贡献率为71.729%,影响玉米产量的4个主成分的累积贡献率为67.948%,对于两种作物,有机肥用量的影响最大,其次是土壤全氮和有机质含量。【结论】褐土区土壤生产力受有机肥用量和土壤全氮、有机质含量的影响最大,因此褐土区生产力的提高与地力的提升和肥料的科学施用密切相关。地力提升可以采取秸秆还田、施用有机肥等措施;肥料施用需要适当提高磷肥的比例,降低氮肥的比例,同时适当提高有机肥的比例。[ Objectives ] Soil productivity is one of the key factors affecting the sustainable development of agriculture. The study examined the effect of non-fertilizer and organic fertilizer combined with chemical fertilizer （conventional fertilization） on cinnamon soil productivity, and the aim was to provide theoretical basis for the improvement of fertilization and productivity of cinnamon soil. [ Methods ] The research was based on the 28 long-term experiments of cinnamon soils located in Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Shandong, Henan and Shannxi. The organic matter, total nitrogen, available P and available K contents were measured in the soils from the treatments of blank control and conventional fertilization from 1988 to 2016. The yield variation of maize and wheat with the experimental years were investigated. The productivity evolution of cinnamon soil was analyzed, and the key factors of soil fertility and fertilization factors that governed crop yield were elucidated by principalcomponent analysis （PCA）. [ Results ] 1） Both the yields of wheat and corn in blank control fields decreased firstly and then increased slowly, and the average yields were 3175 and 4056 kg/hm2, respectively. The wheat yields in conventional fertilization fields increased gradually and the average was 6124 kg/hm2; the corn yields tended to be stable and the average was 7432 kg/hm2. The degree of increase for the wheat and corn yields firstly increased and then decreased, with the mean increase of 2901 and 3429 kg/hm2, respectively. The sustainable yield indices （SYI） of wheat and corn were 0.57 and 0.54 under fertilization treatments, which were 54.82% and 52.49% higher than those in CK. The coefficients of variation （CV） of wheat and corn yields were decreased by 44.70% and 40.77%, respectively. 2） The contribution rates of soil natural fertility of wheat and corn season were 53.0% and 54.2% for the fertilization treatment compared to the non-fertilization treatment respectively, and the CV were 41.2% and 37.6%

关 键 词：褐土 产量 生产力 可持续性指数 

分 类 号：S158[农业科学—土壤学]