长期施肥下我国灌淤土粮食产量和土壤养分的变化  

Productivity and soil nutrient evolution under long-term conventional fertilization in irrigation silting soils

作　　者：段英华[1] 卢昌艾[1] 杨洪波 马常宝 刘亚男 徐明岗[1,3] DUAN Ying-hua;LU Chang-ai;YANG Hong-bo;MA Chang-bao;LIU Ya-nan;XU Ming-gang(Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Improving of Arable Land,Beoing 100081,China;Arable Land Quality Monitoring and Protection Center,Ministry of Agriculture,Beifing 100125,China;South Subtropical Crop Research Institute,China Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences,Zhanfiang,Guangdong 524091,China)

机构地区：[1]中国农业科学院农业资源与农业区划研究所/耕地培育技术国家工程实验室,北京100081 [2]农业部耕地质量监测保护中心,北京100125 [3]中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所,广东湛江524091

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2018年第6期1475-1483,共9页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0200301);国家自然科学基金项目(41471247)资助

摘　　要：【目的】灌淤土是我国西北地区重要的粮食和经济作物土壤。了解灌淤土上作物产量的变化,及其对长期施肥的响应,以及灌淤土生产力的变化与其氮磷钾含量的关系,为西北地区作物增产和灌淤土培肥与可持续利用提供理论依据。【方法】1988到2004年间,在宁夏银川市、吴忠市、石嘴山市和新疆和田市典型灌淤土区域陆续建立了7个国家耕地质量监测点。2016年,利用时间趋势分析法,探讨了作物产量随时间的变化趋势,分析了长期不施肥和常规施肥条件下,玉米、小麦和水稻产量、产量变异系数、可持续性指数、增产率及地力贡献指数的变化特征,并进一步探讨了增产率与土壤养分的关系。【结果】灌淤土上小麦产量随时间呈现递增的趋势,在2004年达到最高(7.58 t/hm^2),之后保持稳定,2016年约为初始年产量的3倍;玉米产量随时间一直呈递增趋势,2016年平均产量为9.8 t/hm^2,约为初始年的两倍;水稻产量近年来变化不大。与不施肥相比,常规施肥下小麦、玉米(28年间)和水稻(8年间)分别平均增产3.43倍、3.20倍和1.21倍,产量可持续性指数分别提高了18.8%、148%和13.9%。监测以来,小麦和玉米农田的地力贡献指数略有下降,但变化不显著。水田的地力贡献指数以每年0.0125的速率增加。28年间,常规施肥使土壤全氮含量从0.4 g/kg提高到1.1 g/kg,有效磷和速效钾含量变化不大。小麦与玉米的增产率与土壤全氮含量呈显著直线正相关关系,小麦、玉米和水稻的平均氮肥农学效率分别为9.8、16.8和27.4 kg/kg。【结论】灌淤土上常规施肥(主要是氮肥)有效提高了玉米、小麦和水稻的产量。土壤全氮含量呈增加趋势,有效磷和有效钾含量基本平稳。土壤肥力对玉米和小麦产量的贡献呈下降趋势,对水稻产量的贡献高且平稳。因此,灌淤土应在合理施用氮肥的同时,注重采取提升地力,实现作物�[ Objectives ] Irrigation silting soil is an important soil type for grain and economical crop production in the northwest region of China. Studying the yield and soil fertility evolvement under long-term fertilization will provide reference for choosing proper strategy to improve soil fertility and high yields. [ Methods ] Seven national farmland quality monitoring field were established in typical irrigation silting soil regions during 1988-2004, four of them located at Yinchuan, Wuzhong and Shizuishan regions in Ningxia, and the other three located at Hetian region in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The yield data were collected, and the yield variation coefficients and sustainability yield index were calculated. The soil total N, available P and available K contents were collected, and the soil fertility contribution index to the yields of wheat, maize and rice were calculated. Therelationship between yield increment and soil nutrient contents were also calculated. [ Results ] After the long- term conventional fertilization, the wheat yield showed an increasing trend over time, reaching the highest point （7.58 t/hm2） at 2004, and then remained stable. The wheat yield in 2016 was about 2 times higher than the initial year. There has been an increasing trend of maize production over time, with an average production of 9.8 t/hm2 in 2016, which is about twice of the initial year. As the relative short years for rice production, the rice yield was not significantly changed. Compared with no fertilization, conventional fertilization increased the average yields of wheat, maize and rice by 3.43, 3.20 and 1.21 times, respectively, and the sustainability of yield index by 18.8%, 148% and 13.9%, respectively. The fertility contribution index of wheat and maize were consistent during the years, with a slight downward trend, while that of rice was increased at an annual rate of 0.0125. The total soil N content was increased from 0.4 g/kg to 1.1 g/kg, and the contents of available P and K changed little over 28 years. The

关 键 词：灌淤土 产量 地力贡献率 产量可持续性 氮肥农学效率 

分 类 号：S158[农业科学—土壤学]