基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境基准及排放限值研究  

Derivation of Aquatic Life Criteria and Industrial Discharge Limits of Pesticides based on Non-Target Species Protection

作　　者：魏玉霞[1,2] 胡林林[2] 张明慧[2] 韩梅[2] 陈艳卿[2] 王延红[2] WEI Yuxia;HU Linlin;ZHANG Minghui;HAN Mei;CHEN Yanqing;WANG Yanhong(State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China;Environmental Standards Institute,Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences,Beijing 100012,China)

机构地区：[1]中国环境科学研究院环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室,北京100012 [2]中国环境科学研究院环境标准研究所,北京100012

出　　处：《环境科学研究》2018年第12期2000-2012,共13页Research of Environmental Sciences

基　　金：环境基准与风险评估国家重点实验室自由探索课题;国家环境保护标准制修订项目(No.2013-13)~~

摘　　要：我国农药行业的水污染排放管理长期以来缺乏对特征污染物的控制要求,特征污染物产生、处理和排放的数据基础也非常薄弱.鉴于农药活性成分对作用对象极其敏感但又具有高选择性的特点,可以立足于对敏感作用对象以外的水生生物加以充分保护的思路,建立基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境急性基准,作为我国现阶段农药排放限值的推导基础.基于对几十种农药活性成分毒性数据的分析,将物种毒性数据敏感度变化最显著的位序点(累积概率在5%～30%之间)作为"靶向物种"与"非靶向物种"累积概率的分割点,提出保护非靶向物种目标的水质基准计算方法,并以毒死蜱为例,应用物种敏感度分布曲线法对特征污染物毒死蜱水质基准值进行示例推导.筛选出无脊椎动物、脊椎动物和植物等9门39科59种共109个急性毒性数据,经计算得出,毒死蜱对我国水生生物的HCt(靶向物种的危害浓度)为4. 35μg/L,基于HCt得到的毒死蜱排放限值为20μg/L,与美国农药工业水污染物排放指南与排放标准中毒死蜱对现源的日最大排放限值(经换算为8μg/L)较为接近.研究显示,基于非靶向物种保护的农药水环境基准方法推导的排放限值与发达国家排放控制要求接近,通过有效的污染控制技术可以实现,具有可达性.Pesticide active ingredients （PAIs） were insufficiently included in the effluent standards of pollutants for pesticides industry in China for a long time, resulting in a lack of data on PAI pollutants production, treatment and discharge. The objective of this study was to establish acute water quality criteria at general ecological protection level for aquatic organisms with the exclusion of target species because of the high selectivity and sensitivity of PAIs. The method might provide useful support for deriving discharge limits of pesticides industry in China. Based on the analysis of toxicity data on dozens of PAIs, the most significant toxicity data variation points （cumulative probability usually between 5% and 30%） were applied as the break points of target species and non-target species. The paper showed the derivation process of the acute water quality criteria of chlorpyrifos based on non-target species protection as a case study. Using the approach of species sensitivity distribution,the value of HC t （the hazardous concentration for target species） of chlorpyrifos was derived based on 109 acute toxicity data from 9 phyla, 39 families and 59 species of invertebrates, vertebrates and plants. The value of HC t and discharge limits for chlorpyrifos was 4.35 and 20 μg L, respectively. The value of 20 μg L was close to the daily maximum effluent limitation for existing sources of chlorpyrifos in US EPA development document for effluent limitations guidelines, pretreatment standards, and new source performance standards for the pesticide chemicals manufacturing point source category （the value was converted to 8 μg L ）. The study showed that the discharge limit values of PAIs derived from the water quality criteria based on non-target species protection were close to those in developed countries, which can be reached through implementing effective pollution control technologies.

关 键 词：农药 毒死蜱 水质基准 非靶向物种 排放限值 

分 类 号：X32[环境科学与工程—环境工程]