水墙封闭温室夏季降温特性  

Cooling characteristics of closed greenhouse with water-walls in summer

作　　者：孙维拓[1,2] 陈晓丽[1,2] 杨其长 郭文忠[1,2] 王利春[1,2] 宋文品 薛绪掌[1,2] 

机构地区：[1]北京农业智能装备技术研究中心,北京100097 [2]农业部农业信息技术重点实验室,北京100097 [3]中国农业科学院农业环境与可持续发展研究所,北京100081 [4]农业部设施农业节能与废弃物处理重点实验室,北京100081 [5]中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院,北京100193

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2016年第8期162-170,共9页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家863计划项目(2013AA103005);农业部设施农业节能与废弃物处理重点实验室2015年度开放课题;北京市农林科学院科技创新能力建设专项(KJCX20140415)

摘　　要：封闭温室(closed greenhouse)是一种建筑结构全封闭式的透光型温室,能够实现节能减排、室内蒸散水回收利用、维持高水平CO_2浓度以及隔绝气传病菌孢子等。但在夏季,封闭温室内高温环境难以有效控制,或需消耗巨大电能,无法投入生产。为降低夏季封闭温室内环境温度,从低碳节能的角度出发,设计并建造了一栋水墙封闭温室。2015年7月26日至9月10日,对水墙封闭温室夏季降温特性进行试验测试,结果表明:正午前后(10:00-16:00),室内平均气温为29.4~34.3℃,比室外低0.8~6.8℃,降温效果明显;且太阳辐射越强烈、环境温度越高,则水墙封闭温室的降温幅度越大(P<0.01)。白天作物进行光合生产期间(06:00-18:00),封闭温室内气温有94.6%的时间被控制在35℃以内,可有效避免高温胁迫。夜间(18:00-06:00)室内湿度被控制在80%以下,平均湿度为54.7%~73.7%,比室外低7.2%~17.5%,降湿效果明显;且室内外湿度差与室内外温度差呈线性负相关(P<0.01)。白天室内水平方向平均太阳辐射量为31.5~67.4 W/m^2,约为室外的11.9%~17.8%。太阳辐射由室外进入水墙封闭温室内,远红光占比由41.9%降低至9.2%,透过率仅为6.0%,有利于抑制室内高温。在室内太阳光谱中红、蓝光占比最大,分别为23.9%和27.1%,较之室外均有提升;其透过率分别为32.4%和37.5%,远高于紫外光和远红光。可见,水墙封闭温室可以有选择性的透过太阳光谱,抑制室内高温的同时保证充足的光合有效辐射。此外,墙体水温及室内气温分布、日变化均呈现一定规律。综上,水墙封闭温室能在夏季通过自身结构达到理想的降温效果,并获得适宜的湿度、光照等条件,是一种可行的、低碳节能的封闭温室型式,可为封闭温室的应用发展提供参考与技术支持。The closed greenhouse is a light-permeable greenhouse type, with totally-enclosed architectural structure. Cooling by ventilation is replaced completely by mechanical cooling. Excess solar energy is collected and stored to be reused to heat the greenhouse or other buildings. The closed greenhouse can achieve energy conservation and emission reduction, recycling water of evapotranspiration, maintaining a high level of CO_2 concentration, as well as isolating the bacteria spores from external environment, etc. However, high air temperature inside the closed greenhouse is difficult to control effectively in summer, or a great deal of energy is needed to consume, resulting in a restriction of the closed greenhouse when used in actual production. In order to decrease air temperature inside the closed greenhouse, taking low carbon emission and energy-saving into consideration, a closed greenhouse with water-walls(CGWW) was designed and built in Changping District of Beijing, China. With an indoor ground surface of about 7.6 m^2, it was supported by a steel skeleton and assembled from some glass tanks filled with water. And for suppressing the growth of green algae, p H value of the water was adjusted to 9.5. Water layer thickness of side walls and roof were 30 and 13 cm, respectively. Cooling characteristics of the CGWW in summer was tested from 26 Jul. to 10 Sep. 2015. During the test, cucumbers and rapes were cultivated inside the CGWW. The results showed that, average air temperature inside the CGWW was 29.4-34.3℃ around noon(10:00-16:00), decreased by 0.8-6.8℃ compared with ambient. Meanwhile, the air temperature drop range inside the CGWW got bigger with the increase of solar radiation or ambient air temperature(P<0.01). In 94.6% of the photosynthesis period(06:00-18:00), air temperature inside the CGWW was controlled within 35℃, which could avoid the high temperature stress effectively. So the CGWW had remarkable effect for cooling in summer. During the nighttime, relative humidity inside the CGWW was contr

关 键 词：温室 降温 湿度 水墙 光谱 

分 类 号：S625.5[农业科学—园艺学]