联合国集体安全体制对使用武力的法律控制:挑战与改革  

The Legal Control on the Use of Force by States under the UN Collective Security System:Challenges and Reforms

作　　者：余敏友[1] 马冉[1] 

机构地区：[1]武汉大学国际法研究所

出　　处：《武大国际法评论》2006年第2期48-93,共46页Wuhan University International Law Review

基　　金：教育部哲学社会科学研究重大课题攻关项目"中国和平发展的重大国际法律问题研究"子课题"中国和平发展与国际集体安全体制改革中的国际法律问题"的阶段性成果

摘　　要：本文从国际法角度对联合国集体安全体制面临的挑战和改革问题,结合学界观点与联合国最新相关文件进行分析,认为对禁止使用武力原则不应狭义理解,而应考虑国际关系的发展对该原则的新要求;但应对国家自卫权则采取限制解释,即便认为在例外情况下单边使用武力打击国际恐怖主义并非完全不合理,仍应当在集体安全体制内谨慎行使国家自卫权,这是以相互高度依存的国际社会为基础的《联合国宪章》禁止武力使用原则的要求。冷战结束以来,以人道为目的的联合国维持和平行动日益频繁,在承认联合国人道主义干涉具有法律上和道德上的正当性的同时,也应看到联合国维和部队仍然面临着公正与效率之间的紧张关系。因此,联合国集体安全体制改革应在联合国内通过设定武力使用的明确一致的法律标准,将人道主义干涉和武力打击国际恐怖主义纳入集体安全体制,应把安理会改革成为一个以规则为导向的安全机构,而使其有关使用武力的行为更多地受国际法约束。This article discusses the challenges to and reforms of the UN collective security system from the perspective of international law.By analysis of some scholars' views and related latest UN documents,it argues that interpretation of the principle of pro- hibition of use of force by States should not be too narrow but should take account of the new requirements of prohibition of the use of force by developments of international rela- tions,on the contrary,interpretation of the right of self-defense of nations should not be expansive even if the unilateral use of force by a state against international terrorism can not be fully regarded irrational in some exceptional situations,it therefore should be cau- tious to exercise of the right of self-defense of nations within the UN collective security sys- tem.This is required by the principle of prohibition of the use of force by States under the UN Charter based on a highly interdependent society of nations.While the UN peacekeep- ing forces have been increasingly deploying with the aim of humanitarian intervention since end of the Cold War,'responsibility to protect'has become a new doctrine on legal and moral legitimacy of such UN humanitarian intervention operations even though UN peace- keeping operations face a tension between impartiality and effectiveness,hence the UN collective security system should be reformed through establishing the clear and consistent legal standards of use of force by States,including the humanitarian intervention and the use of force against international terrorism into the jurisdiction of the UN collective security system,making Council of Security transform into a rule-oriented security organ which acts concerning use of force should be much more governed by international law.

关 键 词：集体安全 国际恐怖主义 法律控制 人道主义干涉 国际法原则 国家自卫权 《联合国宪章》 国家利益 国 

分 类 号：D813.2[政治法律—国际关系] D99[政治法律—政治学]