量子信息物理与量子计算——纪念联合国教科文组织宣布2015年为国际光年  

The physics of quantum information and quantum computing——In commemoration of international year of light 2015 announced by UNESCO

作　　者：陈中轩[1] 周克峰[2] 

机构地区：[1]云南大学物理与天文学院物理系 [2]云南大学信息学院实验中心,云南昆明650091

出　　处：《云南大学学报（自然科学版）》2016年第S1期1-29,共29页Journal of Yunnan University(Natural Sciences Edition)

摘　　要：评论了经典信息科学前进发展中所遇到的物理极限和NP问题,阐述了量子信息论产生的物理基础,详释了量子力学的非定域性的物理意义,怎样描述一个复合物理系统的量子态.在此基础上,阐释了量子信息所具有的巨大存储容量、强大并行处理能力、隐匿性、超密编码性和不可克隆性.进而,讨论了计算的量子通用逻辑门和量子计算机的量子线路模型,指出量子计算机在理论上是可行的.对于量子计算,详细介绍了各种量子算法:3种量子黑盒算法、量子Fourier变换、Shor算法和Grover算法,并介绍了这些量子算法怎样解决了经典计算机所无法解决的问题.最后,在阐明量子远程通信原理的基础上,报告了我国科学家在量子远程通信领域所取得的重大突破.In this review,the limits on physics and NP problems of the classical information science in its advanced developments are summarized,and the physical basis leading to the quantum information theory is elucidated.The physical meaning of nonlocality of quantum mechanics is detailed,and the quantum states of a compound physical system are how described.On the basis,extremely huge memory capacity,the strong power of parallel processing,hiddenness,super-dense coding and no-cloning property of quantum information are demonstrated.Furthermore,the universal quantum logical gates of computation and the quantum circuit model of the quantum computer are discussed,and it is indicated that the quantum computer is theoretically feasible. For quantum computation,various quantum algorithms are explained in greater detail,which are three quantum oracle algorithms,quantum Fourier transform,Shor’s algorithm and Grover’s algorithm,and it is explained that those algorithms how can solve corresponding problems unsolvable with classical computers. Finally,after the principle of quantum teleportation is clarified,the important breakthrough achievements acquired by Chinese scientists in this field are reported.

关 键 词：非定域性 EPR佯谬 纠缠态 贝尔基 量子位 不可克隆性 量子门 量子线路模型 量子算法 量子远程通信 

分 类 号：O413[理学—理论物理]