不同管理模式对春玉米土壤硝态氮累积与氮素利用率的影响  

Effects of Different Management Patterns on Soil Nitrate Nitrogen Accumulations and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Spring Maize

作　　者：郭彩霞[1] 王永亮[1] 郭军玲[1] 张建杰[1] 王琦[2] 杨治平[1] GUO Caixia;WANG Yongliang;GUO Junling;ZHANG Jianjie;WANG Qi;YANG Zhiping(Institute of Agricultural Environment and Resources, Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Taiyuan 030031,China;College of Biological Engineering, Shanxi University,Taiyuan 030006 , China)

机构地区：[1]山西省农业科学院农业环境与资源研究所,山西太原030031 [2]山西大学生物工程学院,山西太原030006

出　　处：《华北农学报》2016年第3期191-197,共7页Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica

基　　金：科技部国际科技合作专项(2015DFA90990);农业部公益性行业(农业)科研专项(201103003);山西省国际科技合作项目(2014081036);山西省青年科技研究基金项目(2014021031-1);山西省农业科学院博士研究基金项目(YBSJJ1310)

摘　　要：在高肥力（文水）、中肥力（祁县）、低肥力（东阳）条件下，研究了不同管理模式（无氮肥对照、农户习惯、优化处理、高产高效处理）对春玉米土壤剖面硝态氮分布、累积与氮素平衡以及氮肥利用率的影响。通过3年定位试验，结果表明，春玉米收获后〇.200cm土壤剖面硝态氮累积量，在2011,2012年3个试验点都表现为：农户习惯>高产高效>优化处理>无氮对照。文水试验点硝态氮累积量最高，三季平均为287.7kg/hm2,比东阳和祁县土壤硝态氮累积量分别高18.4%和11.6%。氮素表观损失在3个肥力水平都均表现为农户习惯>高产高效>优化处理>无氮对照。作物携出量在3个肥力水平均表现为：高产高效>优化处理>农户习惯>无氮对照。在2011,2012年氮素农学利用率均表现为：高产高效处理>优化处理>农户习惯，2013年氮素回收率最高为祁县。高产高效处理达67.6%。通过合理的管理模式，可以在提高产量的同时显著提高氮素的利用率，并降低土壤中硝态氮的残留量。The effects of different management patterns( Control treatment / CK,Farmer practice treatment / FP,Optimized application treatment / OPT,High yield and high efficiency treatment / HY),nitrate nitrogen accumulation,nitrogen balance and use efficiency in 3 sites( WS,QX,DY) with different soil fertilities( high,mid,low). The results of three-year field experiments showed that the nitrate nitrogen accumulations decreased in the order: FP >HY > OPT > CK in 0- 200 cm soil profiles,at the harvest stage( 2011,2012) of spring maize in 3 sites. The highest nitrate nitrogen residue average was 287. 7 kg / ha at the site of WS,respectively 18. 4% and 11. 6% higher compared with the site of DY and QX. The nitrogen apparent losses were the highest from FP,which were FP > HY >OPT > CK in 3 sites,except the CK treatment. The crop uptake decreased as HY > OPT > FP > CK at all the sites.Nitrogen agronomic use efficiency decreased as HY > OPT > FP( 2011,2012),the highest nitrogen recovery efficiency was HY( 67. 6%) at the site of QX( 2013). The residue mineral N and nitrogen apparent losses were influenced by soil fertilities,whereas nitrogen utilization were no significantly with soil fertilities. It was suggested that the pattern like HY with controlled N application rate and increasing organic fertilizer should be generalized,to reduce nitrate nitrogen residue and improve N use efficiency.

关 键 词：春玉米 硝态氮 氮素平衡 氮素利用率 

分 类 号：S158.3[农业科学—土壤学] S143.1[农业科学—农业基础科学]