论北魏军镇体制与六镇豪强酋帅  

On the Military Towns System of the Northern Wei Dynasty 北魏 and the Despotic Chieftains of Liuzhen 六镇

作　　者：薛海波[1] 

机构地区：[1]江苏师范大学历史学院

出　　处：《民族研究》2017年第3期81-98,共18页Ethno-National Studies

基　　金：国家社会科学基金青年项目"5-6世纪北边六镇豪强酋帅社会地位演变研究"(项目编号:11CZS022)的阶段性研究成果

摘　　要：六镇是以北族部落为主要社会组织形式、实行军镇体制管理的"胡化"社会。镇城是六镇军事、政治及经济中心,北族部落围绕镇城城戍呈点状分布。主导六镇社会秩序的六镇豪帅分为两类:一类是作为北魏统治六镇的核心力量、掌握军镇权力的良家豪帅;另一类是承担兵源赋役调发,以被征服者身份迁至六镇的高车等北族部落豪帅。良家豪帅大多出身于北魏统治集团的中下层,徙居六镇后,就已成为势力局限于六镇的边地豪帅。迁都洛阳等一系列汉化改革,虽没有降低良家豪帅军镇内的政治地位,但也使其群体无法借官爵跻身于门阀士族行列。对北魏拉拢的少数势力强大的高车等北族部落豪帅而言,汉化改革意味着其群体在北魏国家和军镇内政治地位的剧降。六镇部落化、"胡化"、军事化的地域特性,使其无法进行军镇改州,相反却成为军镇体制维持强化的地区。乡里对六镇豪帅而言,是其自身居处及势力影响所及的空间和范围,各镇豪帅、镇民、部落实现联合的纽带。Liuzhen,literally,Six Military Towns,refers to nonsinicized society in which military towns system is implemented on the basis of northern tribe social organization.Zhencheng 镇城as the military,political and economic centers of Liuzhen are distributed in scattered spots,and surrounded by many northern tribes.Despotic chieftains,who dominate the social order of Liuzhen,are divided into two groups:one is'good family chieftains'who are core of governing Liuzhen with dominated power in the Northern Wei;the other is'northern tribe chieftains'such as the leaders of Gaoche 高车 tribes who are immigrated into Liuzhen as the conquered and need to assume responsibility of drafting and taxing.Most good family chieftains were born in middle and low classes and become border chieftains whose powers confined in Liuzhen after they migrated there.Although a series of reforms of sinicization like moving the capital to Luoyang 洛阳 may not decrease good family chieftains' political status in the military towns system,they can not step into the circle of gentry clans through their official ranking and titular honors.For those powerful northern tribe chieftains like Gaoche who were drew by the Northern Wei Dynasty,the reforms of sinicization result into a drastic decline of their political status in the Northern Wei Dynasty and the military towns system.The regional features of tribalization,nonsinicization and militarization of Liuzhen make it no ways to turn military towns to prefectures.On the contrary,these make the towns such regions where the military towns system is further strengthened.For Liuzhen chieftains,home villages are their shelters and regions under their influence as well as ties to unite other chieftains,townee and tribes.

关 键 词：北魏 军镇体制 六镇豪强酋帅 部落组织 

分 类 号：K239.21[历史地理—历史学]