稻虾共作模式的“双刃性”及可持续发展策略  

“Dual character” of rice-crayfish culture and strategies for its sustainable development

作　　者：曹凑贵[1,2] 江洋[1] 汪金平[1,2] 袁鹏丽 陈松文[1] CAO Cougui;JIANG Yang;WANG Jinping;YUAN Pengli;CHEN Songwen(Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology, Ecology and Cultivation (The Middle Reaches of Yangtze River), Ministry of Education,Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China)

机构地区：[1]华中农业大学农业部长江中游作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,武汉430070 [2]长江大学主要粮食作物产业化湖北省协同创新中心,荆州434025

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2017年第9期1245-1253,共9页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发专项(2017YFD0301400);湖北省自然基金创新群体项目(2016CFA017)资助~~

摘　　要：近年来,稻虾[水稻-克氏原螯虾(小龙虾)]共作模式由于其较高的综合效益而在全国范围内得以大力发展。其中以湖北省稻虾共作发展最为迅速,面积大,技术也较为成熟,并形成了"潜江模式"。本文介绍了稻虾共作模式的特点及其发展情况,以湖北省稻虾共作模式为研究对象,采用产业调查,结合试验示范和定位试验,研究了稻虾共作模式的生产和生态效应,重点分析了稻虾共作模式的"双刃性"。稻虾共作模式的"双刃性"主要体现在(1)稳粮增效,但同时存在重虾轻稻的现象:稻虾共作模式较传统水稻单作模式可增产4.63%~14.01%,改善稻米品质,但部分稻虾共作模式中忽略水稻的管理,导致水稻产量偏低;(2)提高土壤肥力,但同时加剧了土壤次生潜育化:稻虾共作模式土壤中易氧化态有机碳(ROC)、全氮、全磷、全钾含量要高于传统水稻单作模式,但稻虾共作模式土壤颜色偏暗,土壤结构更为紧密,潜育化明显;(3)涵养水源,但同时可能增加水资源消耗:稻虾共作模式中地下水位高的稻田水分利用率提高,储水功能增强,但地下水位低的稻田可能增加50%~80%的耗水量;(4)减肥减药、提高水体养分含量,但同时增加了水体富营养化的风险:稻虾共作模式肥料和农药成本分别降低了79.5%和50.0%,稻虾共作模式田面水的全氮、全磷含量及硝态氮、氨态氮含量均高于水稻单作;(5)虫害减轻,但某些病害加重,同时生物多样性发生变化:稻虾共作模式螟虫发生减轻,但基腐病加重,生物多样性随共作年限先降低后又增高。根据以上现状与问题,本研究提出了稻虾共作的模式优化及建议,如因地制宜,避免盲目发展;研究标准,规范化发展;优化模式,科学水肥调控;因势利导,防治病虫草害,为稻虾共作模式的可持续发展提供依据。Rice-crayfish culture has been greatly developed in China in recent years due to its high comprehensive benefits.Especially,rice-crayfish culture has been rapidly developed in Hubei Province,where has a large area and proven technique of rice-crayfish culture,and developed the“Qianjiang Mode”.In this paper,we introduced the characteristics and the development of rice-crayfish culture,and studied the production and ecological effects of rice-crayfish culture in Hubei Province by investigation,demonstration and long-term experiment.And the“dual character”of rice-crayfish culture was illuminated.The“dual character”of rice-crayfish culture was mainly reflected by the following phenomena.(1)Rice-crayfish culture stabilized food synergy,but favored crayfish over rice.Rice yield of rice-crayfish culture was increased by4.63%?14.01%compared with conventional rice culture,and the rice quality was improved.But sometimes the rice yield was decreased due to the poor management for rice.(2)Rice-crayfish culture improved the soil fertility,but aggravated the soil gleization.The contents of readily oxidizable organic carbon(ROC),total N,total P and total K in soil of rice-crayfish field were higher than those of conventional rice field,but soil color was darker,structure was tighter,the gleization was obvious.(3)The rice-crayfish culture conserved water,but in some cases increased water consumption.The water use efficiency and water conserving capacity in field with high groundwater level were higher,but water consumption was increased by50%?80%in field with low groundwater level.(4)The rice-crayfish culture decreased fertilizers and pesticides application,increased water nutrient concentration,but also increased the risk of water eutrophication.The costs of fertilizers and pesticides were decreased by79.5%and50.0%,respectively.The total N,total P,nitrate-N and ammonia-N concentrations were higher in the surface water of rice-crayfish field.(5)The pests amounts were deceased,but some disease occurrence increased and

关 键 词：稻虾共作 水稻产量 土壤肥力 水体质量 病虫草害 生物多样性 

分 类 号：S344.9[农业科学—作物栽培与耕作技术]