植烟土壤中微生物特性及氨化、亚硝化菌分离鉴定与活性研究  

Isolation,identification and activity of ammonifiers,nitrosobacteria and microbial characteristics in tobacco-planted soils

作　　者：丁梦娇 黄莺 李春顺[4] 宾俊[1,2] 李强 范伟 张毅[1,2] 周冀衡 DING Mengjiao;HUANG Ying;LI Chunshun;BIN Jun;LI Qiang;FAN Wei;ZHANG Yi;ZHOU Jiheng(College of Biological Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;College of Tobacco Research, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China;Tobacco College of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025,China;Material Supply Department, Jiangsu Tobacco Industry Limited Liability Company, Nanjing 210019, China)

机构地区：[1]湖南农业大学生物科学技术学院,长沙410128 [2]湖南农业大学烟草研究院,长沙410128 [3]贵州大学烟草学院,贵阳550025 [4]江苏中烟工业有限责任公司原料供应部,南京210019

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2017年第10期1444-1455,共12页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：贵州省毕节烟区烟叶产质平衡关键技术优化(201652050024149);中国烟草云南省公司科技计划项目(2015YN22)资助~~

摘　　要：针对烤烟生产中施用有机肥后植烟土壤有机态氮素分解速率不易调控的问题,并为配制有机氮分解微生物菌剂提供优良菌株,本研究以化肥、牛粪、玉米秸秆、油枯处理下的烤烟根区土壤为材料,分离筛选出高活性氨化、亚硝化土著菌,并分别测定其对有机氮降解及氨氮分解的效果。结果表明:在烤烟生长旺长期,施用有机肥处理的土壤可培养细菌、真菌、放线菌、氨化菌数量均高于单施化肥处理;在烤烟成熟期,施用有机肥处理,烤烟根区土壤氨化菌、亚硝化菌、真菌、放线菌数量均高于单施化肥。通过各类菌株的土样来源分析,氨化作用强度较高的优势菌株均来源于有机肥处理的土样,植烟土壤施用有机肥较单施化肥能够获得较高活性的氨化细菌。各类菌活性研究显示,短小芽孢杆菌(Bacillus pumilus)、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌(Geobacillus stearothermophilus)、巨大芽孢菌(B.megaterium)培养液有机氮含量降幅最大,较初始有机氮含量分别降低84.74%、92.74%、79.52%;寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas sp.)兼具有亚硝化作用及硝化作用,培养7 d后,培养液中硝态氮含量增加了0.617 mg·L^(-1);嗜麦芽寡单胞菌(S.maltophilia)亚硝化作用最强,培养7 d后,培养液中亚硝态氮含量为0.518 mg·L^(-1)。氨化菌培养48 h后有机氮分解速率降低,具有亚硝化及硝化作用的菌株培养到第7 d活性仍处于较高水平。因此,试验分离出的不同功能细菌在配制解氮复合微生物菌剂时需在不同时间加入菌株进行发酵,以获得高活性微生物菌剂。根据分解有机氮、解氨试验及相关文献中各菌株作用功能分析,筛选出纳西杆菌(Naxibacter sp.)、寡养单胞菌、短小芽孢杆菌、嗜热脂肪地芽孢杆菌、同温层芽孢杆菌(B.stratosphericus)、纤维菌(Cellulosimicrobium cellulans)、高地芽孢杆菌(B.altitudinis)和巨大芽孢菌8株高效氮素功能菌株用于有机氮分解微�The rate of organic nitrogen decomposition could be not controlled after organic fertilizer application in tobacco-planted soils.This problem could affect the normal growth and quality of tobacco leaves.In this study,chemical fertilizer,cow manure,maize straw and rapeseed cake were applied to the root-zone soil under tobacco.The study attempted toisolate highly active local ammonifiers and nitrosobacteria,and to determine the effects of the two bacteria types on the decompositionof organic nitrogen and ammonia.The study was to make possible the preparation of a microbial agent for theefficient decomposition of organic nitrogen.The results showed that the numbers of bacteria,fungi,actinomycetes and ammonifierstreated with organic fertilizer were higher than those treated with chemical fertilizer during the vigorous growthperiod of flue-cured tobacco.The numbers of ammonifiers,nitrosobacteria,fungi and actinomycetes treated with organic fertilizerwere higher than those treated with chemical fertilizer in flue-cured tobacco at maturity period.Through analysis of soilsamples of various strains,the dominant strains with high ammoniation intensity were all derived from soil samples treatedwith organic fertilizer.It was shown that soils treated with organic fertilizer had higher active ammonifiers than soils treatedonly with chemical fertilizer.The results showed that decline in organic nitrogen content was highest in Bacillus pumilus,Geobacillus stearothermophilus and B.megaterium,which was84.74%,92.74%and79.52%lower than that of initial organicnitrogen.Stenotrophomonas sp.had the highest nitrosation and nitrification activity.After7days of culturing,nitrate nitrogencontent in cultured medium was0.617mg?L?1.S.maltophilia had the strongest nitrosation activity.After7days of culturing,nitrite content in the cultured medium was0.518mg?L?1.Organic nitrogen decomposition activity of ammoniated bacteriadecreased after48h of culturing.Then the nitrification and nitrification activities were still high7days after culturing.Thu

关 键 词：植烟土壤 微生物菌剂 氨化菌 亚硝化菌 分离鉴定 解氮效果 

分 类 号：S154.39[农业科学—土壤学]