播栽方式与施氮量对杂交籼稻氮肥利用特征及产量的影响  

Characteristics of nitrogen accumulation and utilization in indica hybrid rice under different planting methods and nitrogen rates

作　　者：王春雨[1] 余华清[1] 何艳[1] 郭长春[1] 张绍文[1] 杨志远[1] 马均[1] WANG Chunyu;YU Huaqing;HE Yan;GUO Changchun;ZHANG Shaowen;YANG Zhiyuan;MA Jun(Rice Research Institute of Sichuan Agriculture University / Key Laboratory of Crop Ecophysiology and Farming Systems in Southwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang 611130, China)

机构地区：[1]四川农业大学水稻研究所/农业部西南作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,温江611130

出　　处：《中国生态农业学报》2017年第12期1792-1801,共10页Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture

基　　金：国家重点研发计划重点专项(2016YFD0300506);国家科技支撑计划项目(2013BAD07B13);四川省教育厅重点项目(16ZA0044);四川省学术和技术带头人培养支持经费资助~~

摘　　要：以杂交籼稻‘F优498’为试验材料,采用两因素裂区设计,主区为毯苗机插(机插)、湿润精量穴直播(直播)和人工移栽3种播栽方式,副区为4个施氮量(0 kg×hm^(-2)、90 kg×hm^(-2)、135 kg×hm^(-2)和180 kg×hm^(-2)),研究杂交籼稻在不同处理下的氮素积累与运转、产量及其构成因子以及氮素利用率。播栽方式与施氮量对水稻主要生育期氮积累量、运转及产量具显著影响及互作效应。抽穗期和成熟期植株氮积累总量为人工移栽>机插>直播;播种—拔节期和抽穗—成熟期的氮素积累速率为直播>机插>人工移栽,拔节—抽穗期氮素积累速率为人工移栽>机插>直播,不同播栽方式下均在拔节—抽穗期氮积累速率达最大;氮素农学利用率和氮收获指数表现为人工移栽>机插>直播;百千克籽粒需氮量为直播>人工移栽>机插;人工移栽稻的产量与机插稻差异不显著,与人工移栽稻相比,直播稻平均减产13.04%。植株氮素积累量和穗部氮积累量随施氮量的增加而显著增加,而叶片氮素对穗部的贡献率随施氮量的增加而降低。播栽方式和施氮量对氮素利用率产生较大影响,机插稻氮素农学利用率随氮肥用量的增加而增加但差异不显著,直播、人工移栽的水稻氮素农学利用率随施氮量的增加而降低;氮素回收利用率在人工移栽和机插下随着施氮量的提高呈二次曲线关系,直播则随施氮水平的升高而逐渐减小;氮素籽粒生产效率和收获指数均随氮肥的增加而降低,施氮处理间无显著差异。综合而言,直播稻施氮量在135 kg×hm^(-2),机插和人工移栽在135~180 kg×hm^(-2)时既能获得稳定的产量,也能维持较高氮素利用率。There has been remarkable transition in rice planting methods in recent years,including mechanical transplanting and direct seeding.Different planting methods inevitably have different effects on rice growth and development.However,rice growth,nutrient accumulation,heat and light utilization are different under different planting methods.Nitrogen application has been one of the most common field management practices in rice cultivation.Thus a field experiment was conducted to study the characteristics of nitrogen accumulation and utilization in indica hybrid rice under different planting methods and nitrogen rates.A two-factor split-plot designed field experiment was conducted using indica hybrid rice'F-you-498',a widely planted cultivar in Sichuan Basin.The main plot had three planting methods,including mechanical transplanting(T1),precision hill direct seeding(T2)and manual planting(T3),the subplot was nitrogen(N)fertilizer rate,including0kg.hm-2(N0),90kg.hm-2(N1),135kg.hm-2(N2)and180kg.hm-2(N3).Nitrogen accumulation and transfer,yield and yield components,and nitrogen use efficiency under different treatments of the indica hybrid rice were analyzed.The study showed that nitrogen accumulation,transfer,yield and yield components of rice were significantly affected by planting method and N rate.In different planting methods,total nitrogen accumulation at heading and maturity stages was in the order of T3>T1>T2.Nitrogen accumulation rate under T2was significantly higher than that under T1and T3from sowing to jointing stage and from heading to maturity stage.However,nitrogen accumulation rate was in the order of T3>T1>T2at jointing to heading stage.Agronomic efficiency of nitrogen and nitrogen harvest index were in the order of T3>T1>T2.The results showed that the order of nitrogen requirement for100kg grains was T2>T3>T1.Grain yield under manual transplanting was significantly higher than that under precision hill direct seeding,but not significantly different from that of mechanical transplanting.Nitrogen accumul

关 键 词：水稻 精量穴直播 机插 施氮量 氮素积累和转运 氮素利用率 

分 类 号：S511.3[农业科学—作物学]