四川凉山水稻花期冷害特征及其对产量的影响  

Chilling Injury of Rice Flowering and Its Impact on Yield in Liangshan Prefecture of Sichuan Province

作　　者：曹艳秋 罗佳 邢开瑜[3] 薛燕 马联敏 房鹏 

机构地区：[1]凉山州气象局,四川西昌615000 [2]会东县气象局,四川会东615200 [3]四川省气候中心,四川成都610072 [4]普格县气象局,四川普格615300

出　　处：《贵州农业科学》2017年第11期18-22,共5页Guizhou Agricultural Sciences

基　　金：西南区域重大科研项目"川滇高原山地水稻盛夏低温危害及对策研究"(2013-2)

摘　　要：为凉山地区水稻生产提供参考,利用凉山州水稻单产和生长期气象资料数据分析当地水稻花期低温冷害变化特征及其对水稻产量的影响。结果表明:1)凉山州水稻开花期气温比四川盆地低2~3℃,且水稻花期冷害具明显的年代际特征,1960—2016年发生水稻花期冷害37a。其中,21世纪初发生冷害的年份最多,为9a;20世纪70年代最少,为5a。在水稻花期,以8月下旬发生冷害的频率最高,为16%~35%;7月下旬和8月上旬最低,为2%~5%。2)水稻花期冷害具有明显的区域特征,冷害发生频率以凉山西部地区最高,为55%;南部地区最低,为29%。重度冷害发生频率以东部地区最高,为9%;北部地区最低,为2%。中度冷害发生频率以中部和西部地区最高,均为10%;南部地区最低,为5%。轻度冷害发生频率以西部地区最高,为42%;南部地区最低,为18%。3)凉山州水稻单产与花期冷害过程的平均气温及低温持续时间达极显著(P<0.01)水平,花期冷害过程平均气温每下降1℃,水稻单产降低1 029.01kg/hm^2,花期冷害持续日数每增加1d,水稻单产降低107.16kg/hm^2,水稻花期气温越低、持续时间越长,其对水稻产量的影响越大。Based on rice experiments,survey data and annual rice yield data,combined with the Liangshan Prefecture rice climatic and ecological characteristics,in this paper the authors studied the lowtemperature chilling injury index of Liangshan Prefecture rice flowering and its effects on yield in order to provide references for rice production in Liangshan Prefecture.Results:1)The chilling injury index of Liangshan Prefecture rice flowering was 2-3℃ lower than that of Sichuan Basin.The chilling injury of Liangshan Prefecture rice flowering stage had obvious decadal characteristics,37 aoccurred during 1960—2016,it had the least occurrence in 1970 s(5 a),the most occurrence at the beginning of the 21st century(9 a).2)The chilling injury of Liangshan Prefecture rice had obvious regional characteristics,it had the highest occurrence frequency in the western part of the prefecture(55%)and the lowest occurrence frequency in the south of the prefecture(29%).The occurrence frequency of severe chilling injury reached the highest in eastern part(9%)and the lowest in northern part(2%),that of moderate chilling injury reached the highest in central and western parts(both 10%)and the lowest in southern part(5%).The occurrence frequency of light chilling injury reached the highest in western part(42%)and the lowest in southern part(18%).3)The rice yield was closely related to the temperature level and duration of the low temperature process(P<0.01).1℃ decrement during chilling injury of rice flowering resulted in 1 029.01 kg/hm^2 loss of rice yield,1 dincrement of chilling injury duration resulted in 107.16 kg/hm^2 rice yield decrement.The lower the temperature level of the chilling injury process and the longer the duration would result in the greater effects on the yield.

关 键 词：水稻 花期 冷害指标 产量 凉山 四川 

分 类 号：S511.21[农业科学—作物学]