频率首要地位的非绝对性——再论汉语国际教育词汇大纲设计标准  

The Non-absoluteness of the Leading Position of the Frequency----- On the Vocabulary Design Criteria of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of O th er Language

作　　者：马淸华 Ma Qinghua(Nanjing University, China)

机构地区：[1]南京大学文学院,中国

出　　处：《宏观语言学》2017年第1期107-121,共15页Macrolinguistics

摘　　要：第二语言教学词汇大纲的设计标准因目标不同而异。同一目标下，标准又常不止一项，多项标准间有时兼容，有时冲突。本文通过剖析和评价新的汉语水平考试(HSK)词汇大纲的是非得失，揭示了词汇大纲设计过程中，任务目标、指标条件、处理策略间的互动，以及众指标特征间的互动关系，从中抽象出一般原理和总体规律。研究结果颠覆了频率指标地位居首这一至少是流行在中国学界的惯常认识，发现频率指标的首要地位只存在于指标兼容模式。在言内指标的冲突模式里，语体指标、句法指标是强势指标，词频指标退居弱势；在言内外指标的冲突模式里，言外指标是强势指标，言内指标退居弱势，表明语言不可能凌驾于它的使用目的。本文的研究有利于大纲的完善，对完善汉语国际教育乃至整个第二语言教学的学科理论也有一定的现实意义。The design criteria o f the vocabulary outline o f the second language teaching vary according to the teaching objectives.Under the same objective,the criteria are often more than one.The m ultiple criteria are sometimes compatible and sometimes conflicting.Through analyzing and evaluating the advantages and disadvantages o f the new Chinese Proficiency Test(H S K)Vocabulary Outline,this paper reveals the interactions between the task objectives,the criterion conditions and processing strategies,as w e ll as the interaction relationships between the m ultiple criteria features o f the vocabulary outline designing process,and then abstracts the general principles and overall rules.The research results subvert the habitual knowledge that the frequency criterion position ranked first,w hich is always popular at least in the Chinese academic circle.It finds that the leading position of frequency criterion only exists in the criteria com patibility model.In the conflict model of the locutionary criteria,the stylistic criterion and syntactic criterion are strong criteria,w hile the w ord frequency criterion relegates to the weak position.In the conflict model ofthe locutionary and illocutionary criteria,the illocutionary criterion is strong criterion,w hile the locutionary criterion relegates to the weak position,w hich indicates that the language can’t be above its purpose o f usage.This research is conducive to the improvement o f the vocabulary outline.It also has certain practical significance to the disciplinary theories o f Teaching Chinese to Speakers o f Other Language or even to the whole second language teaching.

关 键 词：词汇大纲 设计指标 兼容 冲突 动态作用准则 优选 

分 类 号：TP391.1[自动化与计算机技术—计算机应用技术]