凡纳滨对虾封闭式养殖池塘水体氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮变化规律及消减措施  

The change regularity and control measure of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in closed culture ponds of Litopenaeus vannamei

作　　者：刘健 侯冬伟 曾燊正 钟志伟 高杰锋 翁少萍 方伟[3] 张志[3] 何建国[1,2] 黄志坚 LIU Jian;HOU Dongwei;ZENG Shenzheng;ZHONG Zhiwei;GAO Jiefeng;WENG Shaoping;FANG Wei;ZHANG Zhi;HE Jianguo;HUANG Zhijian(Key Laboratory of South China Sea Resource and Environment, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China;Guangdong Provincial Aquatic Animal Epidemic Disease Prevention and Control Center,Guangzhou 510220, China)

机构地区：[1]广东省南海资源与环境重点实验室∥中山大学海洋科学学院,广东广州510006 [2]中山大学生命科学学院,广东广州510275 [3]广东省水生动物疫病预防控制中心,广东广州510220

出　　处：《中山大学学报（自然科学版）》2017年第6期116-122,共7页Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni

基　　金：国家基金联合基金(U1131002);国家科技支撑项目(2012BAD17B03);国家现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-47);农业公益性行业科研专项(201103034);广东省科技计划项目(2012A020602084);广州市科技计划项目(201510010071);广东省海洋与渔业局项目(20164200042090023)

摘　　要：凡纳滨对虾是全球主要养殖对虾品种,近年来肝胰腺坏死综合症(hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome,HPNS)造成的损失严重,HPNS的发生与水体理化因子和条件致病菌有一定的相关性。2015年,选取广东省电白地区1个凡纳滨对虾养殖场43个虾塘进行氨氮、亚硝氮、硝氮的监测。结果显示:对虾养殖第1-22天内,氨氮质量浓度在0.01~0.30 mg·L^(-1)的范围内波动,而亚硝氮低于0.01 mg·L^(-1),硝氮在0.01~0.60 mg·L^(-1)的范围内波动,氨氮与硝氮的变化趋势相似。养殖第22-72天期间内,氨氮质量浓度波动幅度增大,处于0.30~1.50 mg·L^(-1),有逐步升高趋势;亚硝氮和硝氮质量浓度同步缓慢升高,在0.01~0.80 mg·L^(-1)之间波动,处于平稳升高状态。养殖第72天后,三氮均处于0.60~1.50 mg·L^(-1)的高水平波动状态,且质量浓度不断升高。从氨氮和亚硝氮两者波动和升高趋势来说,氨氮大幅波动变化比亚硝氮提前大约26 d。在养殖过程中选取5个塘分别检测肥水和添加沸石粉前后的氨氮变化,施用肥料1 d后氨氮平均降低19.50%,2 d后降低37.54%;施用沸石粉后在4 d内氨氮分别平均降低47.62%,23.34%,60.73%和76.58%。对5个塘投料量和水体三氮平均值的相关性分析显示,投料量与水体氨氮、亚硝氮和硝氮均有极显著的正相关关系(P<0.01)。结果表明,氨氮是凡纳滨对虾封闭养殖中期和晚期(约第20-95天)的限制性因子,且在养殖中期受气候等因子影响波动大,表现出剧烈的震荡特征,成为养殖环境容纳量主要限制因子;亚硝氮是养殖中期尤其晚期的限制性因子。Litopenaeus vannamei is a major farmed shrimp species in the world,suffering serious losses because of hepatopancreas necrosis syndrome(HPNS)in recent years.The outbreak of HPNS is believed to be correlated with toxic chemical and physical factors as well as opportunistic pathogens.In2015,we detected the concentration of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen in43shrimp ponds of a aquaculture farm in Dianbai county,Guangdong province,China.In the first22days of breeding,the concentration of ammonia nitrogen ranged from001to030mg·L-1,while nitrite nitrogen was below001mg·L-1.The concentration of nitrate nitrogen ranged from001to060mg·L-1,with a similar tendency to that of ammonia nitrogen.During22to72days of breeding,the concentration of ammonia nitrogen increased from030mg·L-1to150mg·L-1in volatility.Unlike ammonia nitrogen,the nitrite nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were generally stable,slowly and synchronously rising from001mg·L-1to080mg·L-1.After72days of breeding,their concentration all enhanced and fluctuated between060mg·L-1and150mg·L-1.Compared with the change of nitrite nitrogen,the sharp fluctuation of ammonia nitrogen was occurred about26days in advance.Moreover,we also detected the concentration of ammonia nitrogen after the zeolite and fertilizer were added in five shrimp ponds during breeding.The concentration of ammonia nitrogen was reduced by1950%at1day and reduced by3754%at2days after fertilizer addition.After adding zeolite powder,ammonia nitrogen was decreased by4762%,2334%,6073%and7658%in4days,respectively.Results also showed that the feed amount was positive correlated with the concentration of ammonia,nitrite and nitrate nitrogen(P<001).In summary,this study showed that the ammonia nitrogen was the limiting factor in closed culture of L.vannamei during the middle and late culture period,greatly influenced by climate.Besides,nitrite nitrogen was the restrictive factor,especially in the late culture period.Considering the tendency of ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen,the ecological sy

关 键 词：凡纳滨对虾 氨氮 亚硝氮 硝氮 

分 类 号：S96612[农业科学—水产养殖]