拉美的“民粹主义”：争议、特征及比较研究的局限  

Latin American “Populism”: Debates,Features and Limits to Comparison

作　　者： 陈默(译) 

机构地区：[1]阿根廷国家科技委员会文化与社会研究中心 [2]国立科尔多瓦大学 [3]不详

出　　处：《拉丁美洲研究》2018年第1期116-132,157-158,共17页Journal of Latin American Studies

摘　　要：拉美的民粹主义是一种发生在特定历史时期的运动,它植根于地区主要经济体的结构中。拉美民粹主义是对这些经济体双重特征的回应:一战之后拉美开始了早期的工业化进程,1929年世界经济危机之后工业化进程加速,与此同时,面向国外市场的农业和矿产生产也同步发展,这一结构特征有助于解释民粹主义的社会结构及其政治局限性。拉美三国民粹主义的情况存在重要差异。在阿根廷,民粹主义运动更多是基于工人阶级的参与,至今正义党仍然是一个经常参与选举的基础广泛的群众组织。在墨西哥,虽然民粹主义很早就已经形成并在农民革命爆发之后持激进立场,但无论城市社会力量的组织结构还是农村地产主阶层的反对之声都比较弱,从而使得革命制度党保持了长时期的垄断地位。在巴西,工人阶级运动与政权的关系较弱,这意味着该国的民粹主义在发端之时比前两国更为专制,其结果是1954年以后巴西民粹主义的政治遗产显得微不足道。Latin American populism was a historically-specific movement,rooted in the structural traits of the major Latin American economies.This means in the first place,that populism was a sociopolitical configuration responding to a dual character of these economies:in Latin America,one could see an incipient industrialization process starting with the first postwar period,and deepening itself after the 1929 crisis.However,industry grew in parallel with the agricultural and mineral primary production oriented towards the external markets,and this structural trait helps explain in great measure the social configuration of populism,and also its political limits.Secondly,the specificity of populism means also the necessity of intra-Latin American comparisons,well before the establishment of inter-regional or conceptual analysis.Thirdly,related with this,there are important differences between the three examined cases.In Argentina,the movement was more based on the working class participation,and the Justicialist Party is still a mass organization up to the present,in regular electoral competition.In Mexico,though populism was early and radical in the aftermath of an agrarian revolution,this feature implied also a weaker structuring of the urban social forces both within and without the movement,and also a weaker opposition from the landlord classes.This helps in turn explain the hegemonic character of the Revolutionary Party,dominating the Mexican politics up to the present century.In Brazil,a weaker working class movement in its relation with the regime,implied that populism was initially more authoritarian than in the other two cases and,eventually,that the legacy of populism was rather weak after 1954.

关 键 词：民粹主义 工业化 革命制度党 瓦加斯 庇隆 

分 类 号：D773[政治法律—政治学]