施受关系之表达与南北类型特征制约——以《官话指南》及其沪语粤语译本为例  

Expression of Agent-recipient Relationship and Restriction of Southern and Northern Type Features——Talking from the Shanghai dialect and Cantonese versions of An Enchiridion of Mandarin

作　　者：张美兰[1] Zhang Meilan(Department of Chinese Language and Literature,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China)

机构地区：[1]清华大学中文系,北京100084

出　　处：《学术交流》2018年第2期139-149,共11页Academic Exchange

摘　　要：在《官话指南》中,有标的处置式、被动式在粤语、沪语中都不是优势句式,沪语是受事前置优先的语序,粤语则是受事成分偏后的语序,而官话口语多依据标记词"把""呌"等标明施受关系。被动标记"拨"、"俾"与"呌"之间的来源具有南北类型的区别。受官话影响层次,粤语沿用了中古之后被动标记"被",而沪语受明代以来"把"字被动的类推,用被动标记词"拨"。同理,粤语有"俾";处置标记"担/拿"、"扌戒"与"将/把",都经历从动词虚化为工具格到处置格标记途径。受官话影响,粤语保存了中古之后处置标记"将",沪语在某种程度上,受明代以来介词"拿"的影响,用处置标记"拿"。这些充分说明了语言同义结构的共时平面变异,是历时演变在不同层次、不同阶段上的反映。In An Enchiridion of Mandarin,the object-disposal and object-passive patterns in Cantonese and Shanghai dialect fail to be dominant syntactical structures,for the Shanghai dialect object-preposition and the Cantonese object-postposition orders,while in spoken Mandarin,the markers such as“把”,“呌”indicate the agent-recipient relations.The passive markers“拨”,“俾”and“呌”differ in their origins with southern and northern types.Under the influence of Mandarin upon the level of sentence,the Cantonese carries on the“被”,the passive marker,while impacted by the“把”analogy of the Ming Dynasty,the Shanghai dialect u-ses“拨”as a passive marker.In the similar way,“俾”in the Cantonese and“担/拿”,“扌戒”and“将/把”,all have experienced the conversion from function-verbs to disposing markers.Influenced by Mandarin,the Cantonese has preserved the disposing marker“将”since the middle ancient times,and to some extent,the Shanghai dialect has accepted the role of the preposition“拿”since the Ming Dynasty and taken it as a disposing marker.These phenomena illustrate the synchronic plane variation in synonymous structure,reflec-ting the diachronic evolution at different levels in different stages.

关 键 词：《官话指南》 粤语 沪语 施受关系 语序南北类型特征制约 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]