草地流转与牧户效率:“能人”效应还是“资源平衡”效应?  

Grassland rental markets and herders' technical efficiency:ability effect or resource balance effect?

作　　者：谭仲春[1] 谭淑豪[2] TAN Zhong-chun;TAN Shu-hao(School of Management Science&Industrial Engineering,Nanjing University of Finance&Economics,Nanjing Jiangsu 210023,China;School of Agricultural Economics and Rural Development,Renmin University of China,Beijing 100872,China)

机构地区：[1]南京财经大学管理科学与工程学院,江苏南京210023 [2]中国人民大学农业与农村发展学院,北京100872

出　　处：《中国人口·资源与环境》2018年第3期76-85,共10页China Population,Resources and Environment

基　　金：中国人民大学科学研究基金项目"气候变化下草地资源的可持续治理研究"(批准号:16XNI004)

摘　　要：土地是农业社会中小农户最重要的生产资料。在劳动力和资金等要素市场不够完善的情况下,参与土地流转成为小农获取土地以匹配家庭其他生产资料,从而提高其生计的重要途径。不过,鲜有研究揭示土地流转在多大程度上、并通过何种途径影响农户的效率,因而有学者主张应将土地转入能人之手。为了探究土地流转能否提高参与者的生产效率、提高多少以及如何提高,本研究依据416个牧户的实地调研数据,运用Metafrontier-DEA方法,对资源平衡效应、能力效应和综合效应三种效应假说进行验证,分析草地流转市场对牧户技术效率的影响。结果显示:(1)从户主的年龄和受教育程度来看,草地转出户的能力确实低于转入户的能力,草地呈现出向能人聚集的现象。(2)相对于未参与草地流转的牧户而言,参与了草地流转,包括转入和转出的牧户技术效率显著提高(增幅2.75%)。(3)将参与草地流转的牧户细分发现,转入草地牧户和转出草地牧户的技术效率均显著高于未参与草地流转的牧户的技术效率(增幅分别为2.76%和3.36%),而转入户和转出户的技术效率差异并不显著。这表明,草地流转市场对牧户技术效率的提高主要来自"资源平衡"效应,即牧户通过转入草地来匹配家庭多余的劳动力、牲畜和打草机等生产性资产;或通过转出部分草地,使剩余草地与家庭中其他生产要素匹配,从而使牧户的各种家庭资源从"失配"状态调整到"适配"状态。而牧户能力的高低并没有显著影响效率,说明草地流转效应中,"能人"效应的作用有限。因此,在现有经营环境下,政策主要应规范和引导土地流转市场,促进参与者自愿进入土地市场以获得效率提升,而不必过于强调将土地转入能人之手。Land is the most important production factor for small farmers in agricultural societies.With imperfection of factor markets such as labor and credit,land rental market plays an important role for small holders to balance land with other family resources so as to improve their livelihoods.However,rare studies explicitly revealed to what extent and how land rental markets improve the efficiencies of market participants.Thus,some researchers argue that land should be transferred from the less able to the more able farmers.In order to explore whether grassland rental markets can improve herder technical efficiency,to what extent and how,based on the field survey data from 416 sampled herder households,this study applies Metafrontier DEA approach to verify the hypothesis of three effects including resource balance effect,ability effect and comprehensive effect and analyze the influence of grassland circulation market of household technical efficiency.Results show that:①In terms of the age and education level,herders with grassland rent in are more able than their counterparts with grassland rent out,implying that land is transferred from the less able to the more able herders.②Herders participating in the grassland rental markets,including rent in and rent out markets,could increase their technical efficiency by 2 75%.③Compared with the autarky group,herders with grassland rented out could increase their TE by 3.36%,and 2.76%for rented in herders.No significant difference in TE is found between rent in and rent out groups.We conclude that grassland rental markets improve herder technical efficiency through resource balance effect rather than ability effect,i.e.,herders adjust their unbalanced family resources to balanced state by renting out their surplus land or by renting in land to balance their surplus family resources such as labor,livestock and machines.Under the current context,more attention should be paid in order to normalize and guide the grassland rental markets,allowing herders to participate in th

关 键 词：草地流转 牧户效率 “能人”效应 “资源平衡”效应 Metafrontier DEA方法 

分 类 号：F327.8[经济管理—产业经济]