彝语方言受事格标记及基本语序类型比较  

Typological Comparison of Patient Marking and Basic Word Order in Yi Dialects

作　　者：胡素华 周廷升 Hu Suhua;Zhou Tingsheng(Academy for Research on Chinese Minority Ethnic Languages,Minzu University of China,Beijing 100081;School of Language and Literature,Dali University,Dali Yunnan 671003)

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学中国少数民族语言研究院,北京100081 [2]大理大学文学院,云南大理671003

出　　处：《语言科学》2018年第2期160-172,共13页Linguistic Sciences

摘　　要：彝语北部方言(诺苏话)及物句的基本语序(句法性的固有语序)根据谓语是否具有结果性和完成性而分裂为"施事-受事-动词"APV(SOV)语序和"受事-施事-动词"PAV(OSV)语序;而西部方言(腊罗话)只有APV(SOV)一种基本语序。此外,两个方言都具有话题突显性特征,故以APV为基本语序的句子也都可以根据信息结构的需要,将受事P移到句首,成为PAV语序。因而,彝语北部方言有两种不同性质的PAV语序,一种是语用性质的,另一种是句法性质的,其中句法性质的PAV语序属于基本语序之一;而西部方言的PAV语序只能是语用性质的,不属于基本语序。这种差异与两个方言是否有受事格标记有关——西部方言有受事格标记;而北部方言没有,格标记和语序的差异也使得两个方言的双及物动词结构用不同的编码,即分别用语序和格标记来表达,凸显出各自物尽其用库藏中的语法手段的策略。As members of Tibeto-Burman family,the Yi dialects take APV(SOV)as basic word order.However,Nuosu Yi(Northern Yi dialect)has both APV(SOV)and PAV(OSV)as basic word order;respectively,the APV(SOV)order is obligatory for a clause in which the predicate has imperfective,progressive,or negative implicature,and the PAV(OSV)order is obligatory when the predicate has perfective or resultative implicature.This is obviously different from Lalo Yi(Western Yi dialect).Since both Nuosu Yi and Lalo Yi are topic-prominent,for a clause with APV(SOV)order,the patient can be moved to the initial posi-tion of a clause for topicalization purpose,and then the word order is converted to PAV(OSV).Therefore,Nuosu Yi has two different types of PAV(OSV)word order;one is for pragmatic purpose(topicalization of the patient)and the other is syntactically obligatory.Yet in Lalo Yi the PAV(OSV)word order is solely for the pragmatic purpose and not syntactically obligatory,so the PAV(OSV)cannot be considered as a basic word order.Nuosu Yi and Lalo Yi take different strategies for marking core arguments in a clause due to their respective linguistic inventories.Lalo Yi has patient case marker(i.e.differential object marking,DOM)dependent on the animacy of a patient in comparison with that of the agent,but Nuosu Yi has no such marker to encode the patient argument.This paper aims to compare the patient case marker and word order between Yi dialects comprehensively in both transitive clauses and ditransitive clauses,and then attempt to analyze the interactions of morphological markers and word order in encoding the grammatical relationship.

关 键 词：彝语诺苏话 彝语腊罗话 语序 受事格标记 话题化 

分 类 号：H217[语言文字—少数民族语言]