打开天窗说亮话:社会合作何以可能  

Frankly Speaking: Is Social Cooperation Possible

作　　者：汪崇金 史丹[3] 聂左玲[4] 崔凤[1] WANG Chong-jin;SHI Dan;NIE Zuo-ling;CUI Feng(Shandong University of Finance and Economics,Jinan 250014,China;National Academy of Economic Strategy C A SS,Beijing 100028,China;Institute of Industrial Economics CASS,Beijing 100028,China;Shandong University of Finance and Economics,Jinan 250014,China)

机构地区：[1]山东财经大学财政税务学院 [2]中国社会科学院财经战略研究院 [3]中国社会科学院工业经济研究所 [4]山东财经大学金融学院

出　　处：《中国工业经济》2018年第4期156-173,共18页China Industrial Economics

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大招标项目"中国与周边国家电力互联互通战略研究"(批准号13&ZD168);国家社会科学基金一般项目"地方政府社会治理创新对公共服务的影响研究"(批准号14BGL148)

摘　　要：近年来,私人之间的相互监督与惩罚得到了理论界与实践界的广泛关注。作为一种社会控制手段,私人惩罚实际上是把"双刃剑",一方面是利他性惩罚,其已成为当今社会治理的重要力量,并被理论界当作破解"社会合作何以可能"这一难题的突破口;另一方面则是反社会惩罚,其极大地抑制着利他性惩罚的社会控制职能。学术界对利他性惩罚的研究颇丰,但对反社会惩罚的研究尚少。本文基于高阶惩罚的公共品实验,探索了私人惩罚的自我强化机制,分析了反社会惩罚的社会心理基础。研究发现,无论是公开更多的信息,还是向更多的人公开信息,都有助于抑制反社会惩罚;然而,仅仅是公开更多的信息仍然难以维系公共品自愿供给合作,但随着向更多的人公开信息,辅以旁观者的第三方监督,公共品自愿供给合作能够得以维系。另外,"不公平感"、"不公正感"和"不规范感"等社会认知,解释了人们的反社会惩罚行为;而且,那些社会公平感认知较强的个体更愿意实施第三方监督,私人惩罚自我强化效应在他们身上体现得更为明显。在当今社会治理实践中,一方面要进一步拓展私人惩罚渠道,发挥利他性惩罚的社会控制职能,为社会治理提供"地方知识";另一方面要更加注重引入信息公开、交流沟通等柔性治理技术,特别是要大力培育社会资本,增强群体的自我组织与自我管理能力。As a social control tool,it is paid great attention by the researchers and is reused in practice.However,it is a double-edged sword.One side of the sword is altruistic punishment which plays an important role in the modern society governance and even became the possible key to solve social dilemmas.Other side of the sword is antisocial punishment which is also a common social phenomenon,and inhibit the social control function of altruistic punishment.There are many research about antisocial punishment,while less about antisocial punishment.How to use the advantages of altruistic punishment and avoid weaknesses of antisocial punishment?We find that both enriching the information quantity and enlarging the audience group are useful to restrain antisocial punishment,while,it is the latter rather than the former could sustain cooperation in public good experiment,it takes effect because of bystanders and their third party supervision when information is provided to more parties.We also detect the psycho-social factors of antisocial punishment,and probe the self-enforcement mechanism of altruistic punishment.We provide strong evidence that survey measures of social capital,such as trust,fairness and social civic norm,are significant predictors of antisocial punishment behavior.And we find there is self-enforcement effect of private sanction for some subjects with strong social fairness attitude.Our analysis suggests when we exploit the social control tool of altruistic punishment,we should take advantage of other mechanisms,such as information disclosure,communication,to mitigate the hostility because of private sanction.Especially,we should foster social capital to retain antisocial punishment and make private sanction right when altruistic punishment as informal institution is widely used in community governance and social cooperation.

关 键 词：信息公开 私人惩罚 社会合作 高阶惩罚 公共品实验 

分 类 号：F016[经济管理—政治经济学]